TABLE 1.
Demographics, liver disease characteristics and past medical history
| Variable | Total participants, n | HPS (n=85) | No HPS (n=146) | p-value# |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age (years), mean±SD | 231 | 55.2±9.4 | 57.6±8.9 | 0.06 |
| Female | 231 | 33 (38.8) | 40 (27.4) | 0.07 |
| Race/ethnicity | 231 | 0.02 | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 70 (82.4) | 95 (65.1) | ||
| Hispanic white | 12 (14.1) | 29 (19.9) | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 2 (2.4) | 16 (11.0) | ||
| Other | 1 (1.2) | 6 (4.1) | ||
| Born in the USA/Puerto Rico | 230 | 74 (88.1) | 135 (92.5) | 0.27 |
| Language spoken in the household | 230 | 1.0 | ||
| English | 78 (92.9) | 133 (91.1) | ||
| Spanish | 1 (1.2) | 3 (2.1) | ||
| Other | 5 (6.0) | 10 (6.8) | ||
| Education | 230 | 0.51 | ||
| No schooling or Grades 1–11 | 11 (13.1) | 24 (16.4) | ||
| High school or GED degree | 26 (31.0) | 42 (28.8) | ||
| Some college education or technical/vocational certificate | 18 (21.4) | 25 (17.1) | ||
| Associate or Bachelor’s degree | 26 (31.0) | 42 (28.8) | ||
| Professional or Graduate degree | 3 (3.6) | 13 (8.9) | ||
| Family income for past 12 months (USD) | 230 | 0.33 | ||
| ⩽19999 | 18 (21.4) | 39 (26.7) | ||
| 20000–49999 | 22 (26.2) | 31 (21.2) | ||
| 50000–99999 | 17 (20.2) | 28 (19.2) | ||
| ⩾100000 | 14 (16.7) | 35 (24.0) | ||
| Unknown | 13 (15.5) | 13 (8.9) | ||
| Aetiology of liver disease | ||||
| Alcohol | 231 | 34 (40.0) | 48 (32.9) | 0.28 |
| Hepatitis C infection | 231 | 37 (43.5) | 62 (42.5) | 0.88 |
| Autoimmune hepatitis | 231 | 4 (4.7) | 6 (4.1) | 1.0 |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 231 | 20 (23.5) | 33 (22.6) | 0.87 |
| Hepatitis B infection | 231 | 1 (1.2) | 6 (4.1) | 0.43 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 231 | 4 (4.7) | 8 (5.5) | 1.0 |
| Primary biliary cholangitis | 231 | 9 (10.6) | 6 (4.1) | 0.05 |
| Cryptogenic cirrhosis | 231 | 3 (3.5) | 11 (7.5) | 0.22 |
| Other | 231 | 6 (7.1) | 5 (3.4) | 0.22 |
| MELD-Na score, median (IQR) | 227 | 15.0 (12.0–19.0) | 14.0 (10.0–17.0) | 0.006 |
| History of liver disease complications | ||||
| Ascites | 231 | 64 (75.3) | 91 (62.3) | 0.04 |
| Varices | 231 | 64 (75.3) | 93 (63.7) | 0.07 |
| Variceal bleeding | 231 | 29 (34.1) | 42 (28.8) | 0.40 |
| Encephalopathy | 231 | 55 (64.7) | 73 (50.0) | 0.03 |
| Multiple paracenteses | 231 | 31 (36.5) | 42 (28.8) | 0.23 |
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 231 | 4 (4.7) | 8 (5.5) | 1.0 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 231 | 22 (25.9) | 58 (39.7) | 0.03 |
| Hepatic hydrothorax | 231 | 10 (11.8) | 13 (8.9) | 0.48 |
| Transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt | 231 | 11 (12.9) | 8 (5.5) | 0.05 |
| Past medical history | ||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 231 | 5 (5.9) | 7 (4.8) | 0.76 |
| Chronic bronchitis | 231 | 7 (8.2) | 7 (4.8) | 0.30 |
| Asthma | 231 | 12 (14.1) | 7 (4.8) | 0.01 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 231 | 5 (5.9) | 5 (3.4) | 0.50 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 231 | 22 (25.9) | 63 (43.2) | 0.009 |
| Hypertension | 231 | 28 (32.9) | 82 (56.2) | 0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 231 | 16 (18.8) | 28 (19.2) | 0.95 |
| Congestive heart failure | 231 | 3 (3.5) | 8 (5.5) | 0.75 |
| Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime | 230 | 53 (63.1) | 82 (56.2) | 0.30 |
| Pack-years for ever-smokers, median (IQR) | 106 | 22 (6–35) | 11 (4–27) | 0.12 |
| Smoked in the last 30 days | 231 | 13 (15.3) | 16 (11.0) | 0.34 |
| Consumed alcohol | 230 | 76 (90.5) | 138 (94.5) | 0.25 |
| Duration of alcohol consumption (years), median (IQR) | 214 | 30 (20–37) | 32 (22–40) | 0.12 |
| Current alcohol use | 231 | 5 (5.9) | 12 (8.2) | 0.51 |
| Medications | ||||
| β-blockers | 230 | 44 (51.8) | 72 (49.7) | 0.76 |
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis prophylaxis/antibiotics | 230 | 42 (49.4) | 61 (42.1) | 0.28 |
| Bile acid resins | 230 | 14 (16.5) | 13 (9.0) | 0.09 |
| Midodrine | 230 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.4) | 0.53 |
Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise indicated. HPS: hepatopulmonary syndrome; GED: General Educational Development; MELD: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; IQR: interquartile range.
#
: Pearson’s chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, two-sample t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, as appropriate.