TABLE 2.
Symptoms, signs, physical findings and laboratory evaluation
| Variable | Total participants, n | HPS (n=85) | No HPS (n=146) | p-value# |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Symptoms | ||||
| Dyspnoea | 231 | 34 (40.0) | 33 (22.6) | 0.005 |
| Chest pain | 231 | 8 (9.4) | 7 (4.8) | 0.17 |
| Orthopnoea | 230 | 1 (1.2) | 4 (2.7) | 0.65 |
| Palpitations | 231 | 5 (5.9) | 8 (5.5) | 1.0 |
| Syncope | 231 | 2 (2.4) | 2 (1.4) | 0.63 |
| Platypnoea | 230 | 2 (2.4) | 2 (1.4) | 0.62 |
| WHO functional class | 231 | <0.001 | ||
| I | 16 (18.8) | 64 (43.8) | ||
| II | 47 (55.3) | 57 (39.0) | ||
| III | 22 (25.9) | 25 (17.1) | ||
| IV | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Signs | ||||
| Cyanosis | 231 | 7 (8.2) | 1 (0.7) | 0.004 |
| Jaundice | 231 | 43 (50.6) | 34 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| Lower extremity oedema | 231 | 47 (55.3) | 65 (44.5) | 0.11 |
| Clubbing | 231 | 11 (12.9) | 6 (4.1) | 0.01 |
| Spider angiomata | 231 | 3 (3.5) | 6 (4.1) | 1.0 |
| Asterixis | 230 | 36 (42.4) | 43 (29.7) | 0.05 |
| Ascites | 231 | 0.47 | ||
| Absent | 45 (52.9) | 89 (61.0) | ||
| Mild-moderate | 32 (37.6) | 47 (32.2) | ||
| Severe | 8 (9.4) | 10 (6.8) | ||
| Encephalopathy | 231 | 0.27 | ||
| Absent | 67 (78.8) | 127 (87.0) | ||
| Mild (I–II) | 17 (20.0) | 18 (12.3) | ||
| Severe (III–VI) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (0.7) | ||
| Physical examination, mean±SD | ||||
| Body mass index (kg·m−2) | 231 | 31±7 | 30±7 | 0.22 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 218 | 1.0±0.1 | 1.0±0.1 | 0.67 |
| Pulse (beats per min) | 231 | 74±14 | 72±13 | 0.26 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per min) | 230 | 15±3 | 16±3 | 0.17 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 231 | 121±16 | 124±18 | 0.26 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 231 | 66±9 | 70±11 | 0.006 |
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 231 | 96±4 | 98±2 | <0.001 |
| Orthodeoxia ¶ | 227 | 10 (12) | 7 (5) | 0.04 |
| Laboratory results, median (IQR) | ||||
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg·dL−1) | 209 | 14 (10–20) | 15 (11–21) | 0.19 |
| Creatinine (mg·dL−1) | 230 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.06 |
| Haemoglobin (g·dL−1) | 231 | 11.8 (10.4–13.7) | 12.4 (10.9–13.6) | 0.52 |
| Platelet count (109 per L) | 229 | 86 (62–109) | 92 (66–136) | 0.10 |
| International normalised ratio | 228 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 0.002 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U·L−1) | 230 | 38 (28–64) | 46 (27–72) | 0.33 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U·L−1) | 230 | 64 (41–98) | 58 (36–92) | 0.17 |
| Total bilirubin (mg·dL−1) | 230 | 2.4 (1.5–3.7) | 1.5 (0.8–2.8) | <0.001 |
| Direct bilirubin (mg·dL−1) | 226 | 0.9 (0.6–1.6) | 0.6 (0.2–1.1) | <0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U·L−1) | 230 | 149 (93–220) | 148 (112–194) | 0.98 |
| Total protein (g·dL−1) | 230 | 6.8 (6.4–7.3) | 7.2 (6.6–7.6) | 0.004 |
| Albumin (g·dL−1) | 230 | 3.0 (2.6–3.4) | 3.2 (2.8–3.7) | 0.01 |
| Pulmonary function testing, mean±SD | ||||
| FVC (% pred) | 231 | 88±10 | 91±12 | 0.15 |
| FEV1 (% pred) | 231 | 89±11 | 89±12 | 0.68 |
| FEV1/FVC | 231 | 0.77±0.05 | 0.78±0.06 | 0.26 |
| Arterial blood gas, mean±SD | ||||
| pH | 231 | 7.45±0.04 | 7.44±0.04 | 0.17 |
| (mmHg) | 231 | 33±5 | 35±5 | 0.001 |
| (mmHg) | 231 | 78±13 | 92±14 | <0.001 |
| Alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient (mmHg), median (IQR) | 231 | 26 (20–37) | 12 (7–19) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise indicated. HPS: hepatopulmonary syndrome; WHO: World Health Organization; IQR: interquartile range; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; : arterial carbon dioxide tension; : arterial oxygen tension.
#
: Pearson’s chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, two-sample t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, as appropriate;
¶
: increase of ⩾3% in oxygen saturation from pulse oximetry from sitting to supine position.