Table 2.
Anthocyanin content (mg 100 g−1 DW) in ER and WR sprouts after different treatment with elicitors.
| Edible Radish | ||||||||||
| Treatments | Anthocyanins (mg 100 g−1 DW) | |||||||||
| Elicitor | Temperature | 1-Cy | 2-Cy | 3-Cy | 4-Cy | 5-Cy | 6-Cy | 7-Cy | 8-Cy | TAC |
| C1 | 20 °C | 1.00 ± 0.045 a | 0.51 ± 0.030 ab | 0.42 ± 0.039 b | 1.80 ± 0.152 b | 0.27 ± 0.036 bc | 0.11 ± 0.012 bc | 0.16 ± 0.011 b | 0.05 ± 0.012 ab | 4.33 ± 0.302 c |
| C2 | 30 °C | 0.08 ± 0.032 d | 0.25 ± 0.132 cd | 0.12 ± 0.012 b | 0.92 ± 0.144 cd | 0.69 ± 0.493 a | 0.17 ± 0.056 b | NP | NP | 2.22 ± 0.768 de |
| Citric acid | 20 °C | 0.36 ± 0.042 bcd | 0.36 ± 0.062 bc | 0.34 ± 0.020 b | 1.13 ± 0.296 bc | 0.16 ± 0.073 bc | 0.08 ± 0.029 bc | 0.14 ± 0.039 b | 0.05 ± 0.029 ab | 2.61 ± 0.624 d |
| Citric acid | 30 °C | 0.12 ± 0.031 d | 0.12 ± 0.011 d | 0.26 ± 0.096 b | 0.21 ± 0.062 de | 0.03 ± 0.011 c | 0.01 ± 0.004 c | 0.03 ± 0.022 d | NP | 0.78 ± 0.364 f |
| MeJa | 20 °C | 0.71 ± 0.101 ab | 0.48 ± 0.086 ab | 0.82 ± 0.060 a | 3.85 ± 0.489 a | 0.27 ± 0.021 bc | 0.38 ± 0.057 a | 0.33 ± 0.053 a | 0.07 ± 0.010 a | 6.91 ± 0.500 a |
| MeJa | 30 °C | 0.31 ± 0.056 cd | 0.57 ± 0.017 a | 0.40 ± 0.141 b | 3.44 ± 0.521 a | 0.40 ± 0.113 ab | 0.34 ± 0.108 a | 0.02 ± 0.012 d | 0.01 ± 0.011 cd | 5.49 ± 0.696 b |
| Chitosan | 20 °C | 0.57 ± 0.153 bc | 0.16 ± 0.043 d | 0.24 ± 0.031 b | 1.09 ± 0.282 bc | 0.11 ± 0.017 bc | 0.08 ± 0.013 bc | 0.14 ± 0.032 b | 0.04 ± 0.006 abc | 2.42 ± 0.391 d |
| Chitosan | 30 °C | 0.17 ± 0.020 d | 0.11 ± 0.010 d | 0.10 ± 0.018 b | 0.14 ± 0.010 de | 0.04 ± 0.013 c | 0.03 ± 0.013 c | 0.03 ± 0.007 d | NP | 0.62 ± 0.067 f |
| K2SO4 | 20 °C | 0.13 ± 0.032 d | 0.25 ± 0.095 cd | 0.24 ± 0.081 b | 0.78 ± 0.291 cde | 0.09 ± 0.037 bc | 0.05 ± 0.024 c | 0.11 ± 0.029 bc | 0.02 ± 0.015 bcd | 1.67 ± 0.393 def |
| K2SO4 | 30 °C | 0.04 ± 0.015 d | 0.13 ± 0.022 d | 0.17 ± 0.033 b | 0.51 ± 0.091 cde | 0.15 ± 0.022 bc | 0.10 ± 0.009 bc | 0.05 ± 0.010 cd | NP | 1.13 ± 0.098 ef |
| Significance | ||||||||||
| Temperature (A) | *** | *** | ** | *** | NS | NS | *** | *** | *** | |
| Elicitor (B) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | |
| A × B | ** | *** | NS | NS | * | * | *** | NS | * | |
| Treatments | Anthocyanins (mg 100 g−1 DW) | |||||||||
| Elicitor | Temperature | 1-Cy | 2-Cy | 3-Cy | 4-Cy | 5-Cy | 6-Cy | 7-Cy | 8-Cy | TAC |
| C1 | 20 °C | 0.04 ± 0.017 d | 0.08 ± 0.025 bc | 0.39 ± 0.077 b | 1.47 ± 0.342 bc | 0.02 ± 0.021 d | 0.09 ± 0.011 cd | 0.01 ± 0.006 bc | 0.06 ± 0.021 ab | 2.16 ± 0.426 bcd |
| C2 | 30 °C | 0.28 ± 0.043 ab | 0.12 ± 0.033 ab | 0.57 ± 0.106 ab | 1.86 ± 0.571 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.07 ± 0.004 cd | 0.04 ± 0.015 ab | 0.03 ± 0.004 abc | 3.06 ± 0.676 b |
| Citric acid | 20 °C | 0.14 ± 0.011 cd | 0.04 ± 0.009 c | 0.30 ± 0.055 b | 1.22 ± 0.276 bcd | 0.05 ± 0.014 cd | 0.11 ± 0.018 bcd | 0.02 ± 0.006 bc | 0.01 ± 0.001 cd | 1.87 ± 0.367 cd |
| Citric acid | 30 °C | 0.35 ± 0.063 a | 0.17 ± 0.011 a | 0.70 ± 0.145 a | 0.86 ± 0.155 cd | 0.15 ± 0.019 b | 0.18 ± 0.067 ab | 0.04 ± 0.013 ab | 0.03 ± 0.027 abc | 2.50 ± 0.303 bc |
| MeJa | 20 °C | 0.14 ± 0.029 cd | 0.08 ± 0.025 bc | 0.70 ± 0.168 a | 3.61 ± 0.360 a | 0.12 ± 0.028 bc | 0.20 ± 0.056 a | 0.07 ± 0.022 a | 0.04 ± 0.006 ab | 4.96 ± 0.500 a |
| MeJa | 30 °C | 0.11 ± 0.015 cd | 0.08 ± 0.013 bc | 0.75 ± 0.138 a | 4.14 ± 0.571 a | 0.23 ± 0.086 a | 0.22 ± 0.052 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 ab | 0.06 ± 0.015 a | 5.64 ± 0.649 a |
| Chitosan | 20 °C | 0.33 ± 0.039 a | 0.12 ± 0.011 ab | 0.42 ± 0.054 b | 0.44 ± 0.093 d | 0.05 ± 0.006 cd | 0.02 ± 0.006 d | NP | NP | 1.39 ± 0.060 d |
| Chitosan | 30 °C | 0.27 ± 0.079 ab | 0.13 ± 0.047 ab | 0.71 ± 0.120 a | 0.74 ± 0.159 cd | 0.07 ± 0.008 cd | 0.14 ± 0.005 abc | 0.02 ± 0.005 bc | 0.03 ± 0.01 bcd | 2.11 ± 0.274 bcd |
| K2SO4 | 20 °C | 0.19 ± 0.029 bc | 0.08 ± 0.020 bc | 0.42 ± 0.047 b | 1.45 ± 0.197 bc | 0.08 ± 0.017 bcd | 0.04 ± 0.005 d | 0.03 ± 0.017 abc | NP | 2.29 ± 0.231 bcd |
| K2SO4 | 30 °C | 0.05 ± 0.021 d | 0.08 ± 0.011 bc | 0.36 ± 0.058 b | 1.38 ± 0.114 bc | 0.08 ± 0.013 bcd | 0.19 ± 0.046 ab | 0.06 ± 0.025 a | NP | 2.22 ± 0.079 bcd |
| Significance | ||||||||||
| Temperature (A) | *** | *** | *** | NS | NS | NS | * | NS | * | |
| Elicitor (B) | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
| A × B | *** | *** | ** | * | *** | *** | ** | ** | ** | |
Mean separation within a column followed by different letters are significantly different according to Tukey test at p ≤ 0.05. NS, *, ** and *** indicate non-significance. Significant at p ≤ 0.05., p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively. NP means not present. 1-Cy is Cy-3-O-(CA)soph-5-O-(MA)glu; 2-Cy is Cy-3-O-(CA-FE)soph-5-O-(MA)glu; 3-Cy is Cy-3-O-(pCoA)soph-5-O-(MA)glu + Cy-3-O-(FE-SI)diglu-5-O-glu; 4-Cy is Cy-3-O-(pCoA)soph-5-O-(MA)glu + Cy-3-O-(FE)soph-5-O-(MA)glu + Cy-3-O-(SI)soph-5-O-(MA)glu; 5-Cy is Cy-3-O-(diSI)soph-5-O-(MA)glu + Cy-3-O-(CA-FE)soph-5-O-(MA)glu; 6-Cy is Cy-3-O-(FE-SI)soph-5-O-(MA)glu + Pg-3-O-(FE)soph-5-O-(MA)glu; 7-Cy is Cy-3-O-(CA-SI)soph-5-O-(MA)glu + Cy-3-O-(CA-FE)soph-5-O-(MA)glu; 8-Cy is Cy-3-O-(diFE)soph-5-O-(MA)glu. Cy = cyanidin; glu = glucoside; SI = sinapoyl; CA = caffeoyl; soph = sophoroside; pCoA = p-coumaroyl; FE = feruloyl; MA = malonyl.