Table 5.

Biological activities of major argan oil compounds as Nrf2 pathway regulators in preclinical studies.

	Compound/Structure	Effective Concentration	Biological Activities	Nrf2 Downstream Genes	Disease(s)	Study Model	References
1	Linoleic acid	1–10 μM	Antioxidant	NQO1	Oxidative stress	IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells and cerebro-cortical neurons	[146]
		˃1 µM	Antioxidant	NQO1, HO-1, and GCLM	Oxidative stress	HepG2 cells	[147]
		˃1 µM	Antioxidant	HO-1	Oxidative stress	Murine dermal fibroblast	[148]
		0.6, 4 and 8 mL/kg	Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory	HO-1	Inflammation	Rats	[150]
		1 mM	Antioxidant	HO-1	Oxidative stress	Mice	[151]
2	Oleic acid	100 µM	Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory	-	Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury	Mice	[154]
3	Ferulic acid	0–100 μM	Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory	SOD, CAT	Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis	IPEC-J2 cells	[158]
		0.2–5 µM	Antioxidant	NQO1, HO-1, GCLM, and GCLC	Oxidative stress	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	[159]
		50 mg/kg	Antioxidant	NQO1, HO-1, GST, SOD, CAT, and GPx	Oxidative stress	Rats	[168]
4	Alpha-tocopherol	0.01 mL/g	Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory	HO-1	Oxidative stress and obesity	Mice	[179]
		100 μM	Antioxidant	SOD	Oxidative stress	hTERT-RPE cells	[181]