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. 2024 Mar 13;13(3):344. doi: 10.3390/antiox13030344

Table 5.

Biological activities of major argan oil compounds as Nrf2 pathway regulators in preclinical studies.

Compound/Structure Effective
Concentration
Biological
Activities
Nrf2 Downstream
Genes
Disease(s) Study Model References
1 Linoleic acid 1–10 μM Antioxidant NQO1 Oxidative stress IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells and cerebro-cortical neurons [146]
˃1 µM Antioxidant NQO1, HO-1, and GCLM Oxidative stress HepG2 cells [147]
˃1 µM Antioxidant HO-1 Oxidative stress Murine dermal fibroblast [148]
0.6, 4 and 8 mL/kg Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory HO-1 Inflammation Rats [150]
1 mM Antioxidant HO-1 Oxidative stress Mice [151]
2 Oleic acid 100 µM Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory - Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury Mice [154]
3 Ferulic acid 0–100 μM Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory SOD, CAT Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis IPEC-J2 cells [158]
0.2–5 µM Antioxidant NQO1, HO-1, GCLM, and GCLC Oxidative stress Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) [159]
50 mg/kg Antioxidant NQO1, HO-1, GST, SOD, CAT, and GPx Oxidative stress Rats [168]
4 Alpha-tocopherol 0.01 mL/g Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory HO-1 Oxidative stress and obesity Mice [179]
100 μM Antioxidant SOD Oxidative stress hTERT-RPE cells [181]