Table 5.
Compound/Structure | Effective Concentration |
Biological Activities |
Nrf2 Downstream Genes |
Disease(s) | Study Model | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Linoleic acid | 1–10 μM | Antioxidant | NQO1 | Oxidative stress | IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells and cerebro-cortical neurons | [146] |
˃1 µM | Antioxidant | NQO1, HO-1, and GCLM | Oxidative stress | HepG2 cells | [147] | ||
˃1 µM | Antioxidant | HO-1 | Oxidative stress | Murine dermal fibroblast | [148] | ||
0.6, 4 and 8 mL/kg | Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory | HO-1 | Inflammation | Rats | [150] | ||
1 mM | Antioxidant | HO-1 | Oxidative stress | Mice | [151] | ||
2 | Oleic acid | 100 µM | Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory | - | Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury | Mice | [154] |
3 | Ferulic acid | 0–100 μM | Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory | SOD, CAT | Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis | IPEC-J2 cells | [158] |
0.2–5 µM | Antioxidant | NQO1, HO-1, GCLM, and GCLC | Oxidative stress | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | [159] | ||
50 mg/kg | Antioxidant | NQO1, HO-1, GST, SOD, CAT, and GPx | Oxidative stress | Rats | [168] | ||
4 | Alpha-tocopherol | 0.01 mL/g | Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory | HO-1 | Oxidative stress and obesity | Mice | [179] |
100 μM | Antioxidant | SOD | Oxidative stress | hTERT-RPE cells | [181] |