Table 5.
OLS hierarchical regression predicting negative emotions against immigrant groups.
| American expatriates | Malays | Indians | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Block 1: demographics | |||
| Age | −0.088** | −0.100*** | −0.034 |
| Gender (Females) | −0.024 | −0.006 | −0.050 |
| Education | −0.005 | −0.057 | −0.019 |
| Income | −0.018 | −0.004 | −0.008 |
| Race (reference = Chinese) | |||
| Malay | −0.031 | 0.012 | −0.066 |
| Indian | −0.061 | −0.049 | −0.069 |
| Eurasian | −0.058* | −0.038 | −0.044 |
| Others | −0.036 | −0.017 | −0.059 |
| Religion (reference = Christianity) | |||
| Buddhism | −0.023 | −0.028 | −0.040 |
| Hinduism | 0.032 | 0.004 | 0.036 |
| Islam | 0.064 | −0.026 | 0.050 |
| Taoism | 0.021** | 0.001 | 0.028 |
| Free-thinker | −0.011 | −0.038 | −0.039 |
| Agnostic | −0.033 | −0.047 | −0.023 |
| Atheist | −0.075* | −0.043 | −0.061 |
| Others | 0.020 | 0.014 | 0.038 |
| R2 change (%) | 4.1 | 3.1 | 3.5 |
| Block 2: Media use | |||
| Television | −0.148*** | −0.100** | −0.151*** |
| Radio | 0.175*** | 0.130*** | 0.172*** |
| Newspaper | −0.021 | 0.006** | −0.025 |
| Social media | 0.132*** | 0.153*** | 0.122*** |
| R2 change (%) | 4.3 | 3.8 | 4.0 |
| Block 3: Mediators (threat perception) | |||
| Symbolic threat | 0.220** | 0.279*** | 0.304*** |
| Realistic threat | 0.295*** | 0.366*** | 246 ** |
| R2 change (%) | 22.2 | 35.4 | 25.8 |
| Block 4: moderated-mediation factor | |||
| Cognitive ability | −0.091*** | −0.125*** | −0.159*** |
| R2 change (%) | 0.70 | 1.2 | 2.1 |
| Total R2 (%) | 31.3 | 43.6 | 35.5 |
*p < 0.05.
**p < 0.01.
***p < 0.001.
Block 1 also includes contextual control in COVID-19 threat perception. As detailed in Section 4.1, the race and religion reported the majority of the respondents were chosen as the reference (82% Chinese; 33% Christianity).