Figure 1.

Mechanisms contributing to the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae in the dysbiotic gut. In conditions where high levels of oxygen reach the gut lumen, for example when enterocytes switch from mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation to anaerobic glycolysis, the facultative anaerobes of Enterobacteriaceae proliferate through aerobic respiration. In cases of gut inflammation, an increase in the availability of various electron acceptors promotes anaerobic respiration by Enterobacteriaceae. Changes in the gut environment caused by disease-associated dysbiosis can lead to Enterobacteriaceae expansion as a result of their adaptability to metabolize potential arising substrates. Created with Biorender.com.