Figure 1.

This image illustrates the participation of PMs and O₃ with a landscape of the process that may lead to the initiation and progression of degenerative changes where nitrooxidative stress and chronic inflammation disrupt the regulation of homeostasis in the central nervous system. Particulate matter 2.5 and 10 µm (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), ozone (O₃), reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxinonenal (4-HNE), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2), lipo-oxygenase 5 (LOX-5), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP-1), protein carbonylation (PC), protein nitrosylation (PN), nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluthation peroxidase (GPx), heme-oxidase 1 (HO-1), BTB domain and CNC homolog 1 (BACH 1), protein accumulation (PA), misfolded protein (MFP), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), amyloid β (Aβ), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), diabetes mellitus type 3 (DM3), Parkinson’s disease (PD), lateral amyotrophic sclerosis (LAS), autism disorder/autism spectrum disorder (AD/ASD), anxiety/depression (ANX/DEP).