Table 2.

Summary of literature reviewed.

Pollutant	Model	Concentration or Dose	Damage	Disease Markers Signaling Factors	Disease	References
O3 O2 passed through an ozone generator	21 days old male Wistar rats	Inhaled 0.7 ppm 1, 2, 4, and 8 h exposure	Nitrooxidative stress Neurodegeneration	Protein nitrosylation ↑ Protein carbonylation ↑ Polyamine accumulation and amorphous anionic debris in hippocampal neurons ↑	AD Other Neurodegenerative Diseases	Mendoza-Magana et al., 2021 [64]
O3 O2 passed through an ozone generator	21 days old male Wistar rats	Inhaled 0.7 ppm Daily exposure for 4 h, 15 and 60 days	Oxidative stress	MDA and 4-HNE ↑ NFκB activation ↑, IL-1β and TNF-α ↑ Protein carbonylation ↑	Neurodegenerative Diseases	Nery-Flores et al., 2018 [11]
O3 Filtered purified air passed through an ozone generator	Male Wistar rats 250–300 g/bw	Inhaled 0.25 ppm Daily exposure for 4 h, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days	Peptide conformational changes Aβ1–42 immunodetection	Time-dependent effect α-helix secondary structure ↓, β-sheet secondary structure ↑, Aβ1–42 neuronal deposition ↑	AD	Rivas-Arancibia et al., 2017 [76]
O3 Filtered purified air passed through an ozone generator	Male Wistar rats 250–300 g	Inhaled 0.25 ppm Daily exposure for 4 h, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days	Endoplasmic reticulum stress Apoptosis	ATF6 ↑, GRP78 ↑, caspase 12 ↑ TUNEL + cells ↑	AD	Rodrigues-Martinez et al., 2016 [77]
O3 Filtered purified air passed through an ozone generator	Male Wistar rats 250–300 g	Inhaled 0.25 ppm Daily exposure for 4 h, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days	Protein oxidation Microgliosis Astrocytosis In substantia nigra	Protein carbonylation ↑ Cit C ↑, GFAP (30 and 60 days) ↑, Iba-1 (60 days) ↑, COX-2 ↑, Nuclear NFκB ↑	PD	Rivas-Arancibia et al., 2015 [79]
O3 Filtered purified air passed through an ozone generator	Male Wistar rats 250–300 g	Inhaled 0.25 ppm Daily exposure for 4 h, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days	Aβ1–42 and 1–40 expression Aβ mitochondrial accumulation	Aβ1–42 accumulated in mitochondrial fraction and inside the organelle. Pres2 ↑, ADAM 10 ↓.	AD	Hernández-Zimbrón et al., 2015 [86]
O3 Filtered purified air passed through an ozone generator	Male Wistar rats 250–300 g	Inhaled 0.25 ppm Daily exposure for 4 h, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days	Density and morphology of dendritic spines in CA1 hippocampal region. Learning and memory	Density of dendritic spines ↓ Thin and mushroom spine ratio ↓ Stubby spine ratio ↑ Object–place recognition ↓	AD	Bello-Medina et al., 2019 [90]
O3 Filtered purified air passed through an ozone generator	Male Wistar rats 250–300 g	Inhaled 0.25 ppm Daily exposure for 4 h, 15, 30, and 60 days	Dopaminergic cell count Dopamine oxidation Oxidative stress	Dopaminergic cell count ↓ Dopamine quinones ↑ LPO ↑, p53 + cells ↑	PD	Santiago-López et al., 2010 [91]
Ambient O3 and PM2.5	5116 subjects normal cognition possible/probable AD Period 2005–2008	Ground level inhalation PM2.5 9.7 ± 1.9 µg/m3 Under NAAQS O3 36.7–40 ppb	Cognitive decline	PM2.5 was not associated with the rate of cognitive decline Increased O3 concentration correlated with increased rate of cognitive decline	AD	Cleary et al., 2018 [93]
O3 Generated Passing filtered air through UV light	Wistar rats 400–450 g	Inhaled 0.8 ppm For 16 h	Insulin resistance Signaling pathways Oxidative stress	Fasting blood glucose and insulin concentration ↑ HOMA-IR ↑, insulin-induced protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt phosphorylation ↓ in muscle, but not in hepatic or adipose tissue Activation of JNK ↑ HHE, HNE, and MDA ↑ in BALF and muscle Protein carbonylation ↑ GSH-to-GSSG ratio ↓	DMT2	Vella et al., 2015 [97]
O3 Generated Passing filtered air through UV light	Male Sprague–Dawley rats 280–320 g	Inhaled 0.5 ppm/3 h	Neuroprotection Nucelous tractus solitarius and ventrolateral medulla	VEGF expression, IL-6, TNF-α, and GFAP ↑	Undefined	Araneda et al., 2008 [102]