Table 6.
Electrical stimulation to promote transdifferentiation or increased exosome production for peripheral nerve injury treatment.
| Title of Study | Cell Culture | ES | ES Duration | ES Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intermittent electrical stimuli for guidance of human mesenchymal stem cell lineage commitment towards neural-like cells on electroconductive substrates. | MSCs | DC; 1 mV–2 V | 10 min/day, 3 days | Parallel stainless-steel electrodes PANI film |
[289] |
| Neurogenesis-on-Chip: Electric field modulated transdifferentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell and mouse muscle precursor cell coculture. | hMSCs Murine myoblast |
DC ~8 ± 0.06 mV/mm |
20 h/day for 9 days | Microfluidic device; graphene oxide (GO) microfiber |
[287] |
| Effectiveness of electrical stimulation on nerve regeneration after crush injury: Comparison between invasive and non-invasive stimulation. | Sciatic nerve crush injury | 25 Hz, 1–3 mA, 0.1 ms pulse width | 30 min/day 5 times/week for 6 weeks |
Implanted wireless cuff electrodes | [298] |
| Low level electricity increases the secretion of extracellular vesicles from cultured cells. | Murine melanoma cell line, B16F1 | 0.34 mA/cm2 | 60 min Immediate EV isolation |
Two Ag–AgCl electrodes with 2.5 cm2 surface areas | [288] |
| The frequency-dependent effect of electrical fields on the mobility of intracellular vesicles in astrocytes. | Rat astrocytes | 5 mV/mm; 2 Hz | 5 min of constant voltage; 0.1 nms pulse 600 total pulses | Stimulus isolator A365 with 1 KΩ resistor | [299] |
| Electrical stimulation increases the secretion of cardioprotective extracellular vesicles from cardiac mesenchymal stem cells. | Cardiac MSC | 1.5 V/1.8 cm | 2–72 h; 1.5 V/1.8 cm voltage, 0.5 Hz frequency, pulse width at 5 ms |
Cultured-cell pacer system (IonOptix) | [292] |