Table 3.

Summary of segmentation performance measures (means ± stds) of the two cartilage classes of our proposed methods DMA-GCN (CT) and DMA-GCN (SEQ) compared to state of the art: 1. patch-based methods, 2. deep learning methods, 3. graph deep learning methods. Best results for all three categories (CT vs SEQ) with respect to DSC index are highlighted.

	Femoral Cartilage							Tibial Cartilage
Method	Recall	Precision		$\mathcal{DSC}$	$\mathcal{VOE}$	$\mathcal{VD}$		Recall	Precision		$\mathcal{DSC}$	$\mathcal{VOE}$	$\mathcal{VD}$
PBSC	$83.51\%$	$82.65\%$		$82.23\%$	$29.97\%$	$11.01\%$		$79.76\%$	$81.45\%$		$78.85\%$	$34.28\%$	$11.79\%$
	$(\pm 0.066)$	$(\pm 0.045)$		$(\pm 0.061)$	$(\pm 0.082)$	$(\pm 0.037)$		$(\pm 0.021)$	$(\pm 0.036)$		$(\pm 0.027)$	$(\pm 0.031)$	$(\pm 0.041)$
PBNLM	$84.12\%$	$83.28\%$		$84.09\%$	$26.73\%$	$8.25\%$		$81.22\%$	$82.07\%$		$80.04\%$	$33.91\%$	$11.41\%$
	$(\pm 0.071)$	$(\pm 0.045)$		$(\pm 0.052)$	$(\pm 0.061)$	$(\pm 0.084)$		$(\pm 0.038)$	$(\pm 0.019)$		$(\pm 0.027)$	$(\pm 0.031)$	$(\pm 0.029)$
HyLP	$94.04\%$	$93.16\%$		$\mathbf{92.56}\%$	$15.16\%$	$5.12\%$		$91.08\%$	$89.98\%$		$\mathbf{89.91}\%$	$19.67\%$	$5.85\%$
	$(\pm 0.052)$	$(\pm 0.051)$		$(\pm 0.026)$	$(\pm 0.028)$	$(\pm 0.034)$		$(\pm 0.074)$	$(\pm 0.023)$		$(\pm 0.018)$	$(\pm 0.025)$	$(\pm 0.011)$
SegNet	$89.18\%$	$89.48\%$		$\mathbf{89.09}\%$	$20.73\%$	$5.65\%$		$87.22\%$	$89.07\%$		$\mathbf{86.12}\%$	$22.79\%$	$6.23\%$
	$(\pm 0.116)$	$(\pm 0.219)$		$(\pm 0.089)$	$(\pm 0.039)$	$(\pm 0.066)$		$(\pm 0.056)$	$(\pm 0.062)$		$(\pm 0.034)$	$(\pm 0.012)$	$(\pm 0.016)$
DenseVoxNet	$88.75\%$	$88.67\%$		$87.54\%$	$21.83\%$	$6.45\%$		$87.45\%$	$86.03\%$		$85.68\%$	$25.47\%$	$7.98\%$
	$(\pm 0.156)$	$(\pm 0.204)$		$(\pm 0.042)$	$(\pm 0.048)$	$(\pm 0.121)$		$(\pm 0.076)$	$(\pm 0.041)$		$(\pm 0.047)$	$(\pm 0.028)$	$(\pm 0.025)$
VoxResNet	$88.03\%$	$88.92\%$		$88.12\%$	$22.71\%$	$6.64\%$		$87.04\%$	$85.26\%$		$85.12\%$	$26.03\%$	$8.04\%$
	$(\pm 0.187)$	$(\pm 0.205)$		$(\pm 0.047)$	$(\pm 0.055)$	$(\pm 0.128)$		$(\pm 0.071)$	$(\pm 0.044)$		$(\pm 0.043)$	$(\pm 0.032)$	$(\pm 0.029)$
KCB-Net	$89.74\%$	$90.12\%$		$88.92\%$	$23.13\%$	$6.72\%$		$88.12\%$	$87.46\%$		$87.92\%$	$25.90\%$	$8.04\%$
	$(\pm 0.149)$	$(\pm 0.185)$		$(\pm 0.031)$	$(\pm 0.042)$	$(\pm 0.098)$		$(\pm 0.055)$	$(\pm 0.029)$		$(\pm 0.033)$	$(\pm 0.017)$	$(\pm 0.021)$
CAN3D	$88.04\%$	$88.54\%$		$87.12\%$	$22.93\%$	$6.59\%$		$87.28\%$	$85.26\%$		$85.02\%$	$25.76\%$	$8.01\%$
	$(\pm 0.156)$	$(\pm 0.205)$		$(\pm 0.03)$	$(\pm 0.042)$	$(\pm 0.098)$		$(\pm 0.055)$	$(\pm 0.029)$		$(\pm 0.033)$	$(\pm 0.017)$	$(\pm 0.021)$
PointNet	$87.13\%$	$88.12\%$		$86.49\%$	$23.06\%$	$7.13\%$		$86.88\%$	$85.03\%$		$84.79\%$	$24.92\%$	$7.39\%$
	$(\pm 0.121)$	$(\pm 0.187)$		$(\pm 0.023)$	$(\pm 0.051)$	$(\pm 0.104)$		$(\pm 0.062)$	$(\pm 0.031)$		$(\pm 0.023)$	$(\pm 0.024)$	$(\pm 0.018)$
GCN	$90.19\%$	$90.84\%$		$89.23\%$	$19.65\%$	$5.48\%$		$88.92\%$	$89.02\%$		$88.26\%$	$23.27\%$	$6.78\%$
	$(\pm 0.129)$	$(\pm 0.126)$		$(\pm 0.030)$	$(\pm 0.046)$	$(\pm 0.098)$		$(\pm 0.059)$	$(\pm 0.033)$		$(\pm 0.021)$	$(\pm 0.028)$	$(\pm 0.017)$
SGC	$91.02\%$	$91.31\%$		$89.84\%$	$17.41\%$	$5.19\%$		$89.81\%$	$89.54\%$		$89.02\%$	$22.11\%$	$5.89\%$
	$(\pm 0.212)$	$(\pm 0.132)$		$(\pm 0.032)$	$(\pm 0.064)$	$(\pm 0.098)$		$(\pm 0.061)$	$(\pm 0.047)$		$(\pm 0.032)$	$(\pm 0.039)$	$(\pm 0.028)$
ClusterGCN	$90.56\%$	$91.08\%$		$90.12\%$	$17.33\%$	$5.16\%$		$90.28\%$	$91.05\%$		$89.93\%$	$22.08\%$	$5.82\%$
	$(\pm 0.141)$	$(\pm 0.150)$		$(\pm 0.039)$	$(\pm 0.058)$	$(\pm 0.107)$		$(\pm 0.054)$	$(\pm 0.061)$		$(\pm 0.039)$	$(\pm 0.036)$	$(\pm 0.024)$
GraphSAINT	$92.61\%$	$92.74\%$		$90.87\%$	$17.18\%$	$5.16\%$		$91.75\%$	$91.04\%$		$90.12\%$	$22.04\%$	$5.76\%$
	$(\pm 0.132)$	$(\pm 0.131)$		$(\pm 0.027)$	$(\pm 0.051)$	$(\pm 0.102)$		$(\pm 0.054)$	$(\pm 0.029)$		$(\pm 0.026)$	$(\pm 0.022)$	$(\pm 0.020)$
GraphSAGE	$92.87\%$	$92.91\%$		$90.95\%$	$17.12\%$	$5.09\%$		$92.04\%$	$92.53\%$		$90.49\%$	$20.71\%$	$5.66\%$
	$(\pm 0.129)$	$(\pm 0.144)$		$(\pm 0.031)$	$(\pm 0.065)$	$(\pm 0.098)$		$(\pm 0.049)$	$(\pm 0.033)$		$(\pm 0.038)$	$(\pm 0.027)$	$(\pm 0.024)$
GAT	$93.14\%$	$93.09\%$		$92.87\%$	$13.90\%$	$4.36\%$		$93.29\%$	$93.81\%$		$90.86\%$	$19.58\%$	$5.61\%$
	$(\pm 0.141)$	$(\pm 0.203)$		$(\pm 0.045)$	$(\pm 0.051)$	$(\pm 0.101)$		$(\pm 0.055)$	$(\pm 0.031)$		$(\pm 0.019)$	$(\pm 0.029)$	$(\pm 0.026)$
MGCN	$94.11\%$	$93.92\%$		$\mathbf{93.27}\%$	$14.05\%$	$4.27\%$		$93.79\%$	$94.06\%$		$\mathbf{91.43}\%$	$19.84\%$	$5.34\%$
	$(\pm 0.125)$	$(\pm 0.181)$		$(\pm 0.029)$	$(\pm 0.045)$	$(\pm 0.096)$		$(\pm 0.041)$	$(\pm 0.027)$		$(\pm 0.024)$	$(\pm 0.035)$	$(\pm 0.021)$
DMA-GCN (SEQ)	$96.13\%$	$95.21\%$		$95.44\%$	$13.21\%$	$3.98\%$		$95.19\%$	$94.41\%$		$93.87\%$	$18.65\%$	$5.03\%$
	$(\pm 0.121)$	$(\pm 0.183)$		$(\pm 0.022)$	$(\pm 0.045)$	$(\pm 0.089)$		$(\pm 0.031)$	$(\pm 0.027)$		$(\pm 0.024)$	$(\pm 0.034)$	$(\pm 0.023)$
DMA-GCN (CT)	$96.17\%$	$95.81\%$		$\mathbf{95.71}\%$	$13.17\%$	$3.94\%$		$95.31\%$	$94.78\%$		$\mathbf{94.02}\%$	$17.98\%$	$4.99\%$
	$(\pm 0.117)$	$(\pm 0.189)$		$(\pm 0.032)$	$(\pm 0.051)$	$(\pm 0.094)$		$(\pm 0.032)$	$(\pm 0.025)$		$(\pm 0.021)$	$(\pm 0.034)$	$(\pm 0.029)$