Table 1.
Biomarkers of various blood dendritic cell subtypes and their biological functions.
| Dendritic Cell Subset | Biomarkers | Secretory Cytokines | Biological Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional (myeloid) DCs type 1 (cDC1s) | CD11c MHC II BDCA-3 (CD141) XCR1 CLEC9A IRF8 |
IL-12 TNF-α IL-6 |
Inducing antitumor immune response through cross-presentation of tumor antigens to CD8+ T cells | [42,45,46,47,51,52,65] |
| Conventional (myeloid) DCs type 2 (cDC2s) | CD11c MHC II BDCA-1 (CD1c) CD172a CD11b IRF4 CLEC10A |
IL-1β IL-6 IL-12 IL-23 IL-10 TNF-α TGF-β |
Presentation of MHC class II antigens, triggering CD4+ T cells | [41,53] |
| “Inflammatory” DCs (moDCs) | CD11c MHC II CD11b CD14 CD209 CD226 CD1a/b/c CD206 IRF4 CD172a CD64 CD88 CLEC10A |
IL-1β IL-6 IL-10 IL-12 IL-23 TNF-α |
Direct presentation of antigens to CD4+ T cells, induction of Th1 and Th17 responses, cross-presentation capability | [43,44,56,57] |
| Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) | MHC II BDCA-2 (CD303) BDCA-4 (CD304) CD123 CD45RA |
IFN-α TNF-α |
Induction of antiviral immune response | [60] |
| DCs type 3 (DC3s) | CD1c+ CD14+ MHC II BDCA-3 (CD141) BDCA-1 (CD1c) CD163 CLEC10A |
IL-1β IL-6 IL-23 TNF-α IL-10 |
Presentation of MHC class II antigens, triggering CD4+ T cells | [40,44,63,66] |
| Transitional DC subtype (tDCs) | CD11clow/high AXL+ SIGLEC6+ |
IL-1β | Presentation of MHC class II antigens, triggering CD4+ T cells | [64] |