Table 1.
Studies providing evidence on NAFLD invasive and non-invasive assessment in the prediction of cardiovascular disease [27].
| Diagnostic NAFLD | Reference | Patients, n | Type of Study | Impact of the NAFLD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultrasound | ||||
| Stepanova and Younossi, 2012 [54] | 20,050 | Prospective | OR, 1.23 for CVD events | |
| Haring et al., 2009 [55] | 4160 | Prospective | HR, 6.22 for all-cause mortality and CVD | |
| Kim et al., 2012 [56] | 4023 | Cross-sectional | OR, 1.32 for CAC > 10 | |
| Targher et al., 2007 [57] | 2839 | Cross-sectional | OR, 1.49 for DKA DBP, and cerebrovascular disease in type 2 DM | |
| Tsutsumi T et al., 2021 [58] | 2306 | Prospective | HR, 1.08 independently with worsening CVD | |
| Hamaguchi et al., 2007 [59] | 1637 | Prospective | HR, 4.1 for nonfatal CVD events | |
| Yoshitaka and al, 2017 [60] | 1647 | Prospective | HR, 10.4 not overweight, 3.1 overweight for incident CV events | |
| Wong et al., 2011 [61] | 612 | Prospective | OR, 2.31 for significant coronary artery disease (>50% obstruction) | |
| Santos et al., 2007 [62] | 505 | Cross-sectional | OR, 1.73 for coronary calcification | |
| Mantovani et al., 2016 [63] | 286 | Retrospective | OR, 6.73 for incident cardiovascular events in type 1 diabetes | |
| CT | ||||
| Mahfood Hadad et al., 2016 [64] | 25,837 (11 studies) | Meta-analysis | RR, 1.77 for incident CVD, 1.43 for cardiovascular mortality | |
| Zhou et al., 2018 [65] | 8346 (6 studies) | Meta-analysis | OR, 2.20 for incident CVD in patients with diabetes | |
| Mellinger et al., 2015 [66] | 3014 | Cross-sectional | OR, 1.20 for CAC score >90th percentile for age | |
| Assy et al., 2010 [67] | 61 | Cross-sectional | OR, 2.03 for coronary calcification | |
| Ultrasound/CT | ||||
| Chen et al., 2010 [68] | 295 | Cross-sectional | OR, 2.46 for CAC > 100 | |
| Liver biopsy | ||||
| Simon et al., 2022 [42] | 422 | Prospective | HR, 2.15 for MACE | |
| Ji Hye Park et al., 2021 [69] | 398 | Cross-sectional | OR, 4.07 increased risk of ASCVD for NASH OR, 8.11 increased risk of ASCVD for advanced fibrosis | |
| Ekstedt et al., 2015 [70] | 229 | Retrospective | HR, 1.55 for CVD mortality | |
| Fatty Liver Index | ||||
| Chun HS et al., 2023 [71] | 78,762 | Cross-sectional | OR, 1.10 for CVD history in MAFLD OR, 1.40 for high probability of ASCVD in MAFLD OR, 1.22 for high probability of ASCVD in NAFLD |
|
| Pais et al., 2016 [72] | 5671 | Retrospective | The severity of NAFLD correlates with CIMT and the severity of carotid plaque | |
| Lee J et al., 2020 [73] | 1173 | Prospective | OR, 1.70 for CAC progression in patients with NAFLD | |
| Pennisi et al., 2021 [74] | 542 | Cross-sectional | OR, 1.62 risk factors for ASCVD in patients with steatosis OR, 1.67 risk factors for ASCVD in patients with severe fibrosis |
|
NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR: Odds ratio; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HR: hazard ratio; CAC: coronary artery calcium; DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; RR: relative risk; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular event; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; MAFLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.