Survey Items

Performance Pressure: PP1. I would characterize my workplace as a results-driven environment. PP2. The pressures for performance in my workplace are high. PP3. I feel tremendous pressure to produce results. PP4. If I don’t produce at high levels, my job will be at risk.

Independent Self-construal: ISC1. My personal identity, independent of others, is very important to me. ISC2. I enjoy being unique and different from others in many respects. ISC3. I am comfortable with being singled out for praise or rewards. ISC4. Having a lively imagination is important to me. ISC5. I’d rather say “No” directly, than risk being misunderstood.ISC6. Speaking up during a class is not a problem for me.

Authoritarian Leadership: AL1. My leader asks me to obey his/her instructions completely. AL2. My leader determined all decisions in the organization whether they are important or not. AL3. My leaders typically possess crucial information but do not share it. AL4. My leader always behaves in a commanding fashion in front of employees. AL5. We have to follow the leader’s rules to get things done. If not, he/she punishes us severely.

Presenteeism: Recall whether you have experienced the following situations in the past 6 months: (1). Although you feel sick, you still force yourself to go to work. (2). Although you have physical symptoms such as headache or backache, you still force yourself to go to work.

Demographic information: 1. Please select your Sex. (Man/Woman) 2. Please write your age: ______. 3. Please select your educational background. (High school and below/Associate degree/Bachelor’s degree/Master’s degree and above) 4. Work Time (Year): ______. 5. Please select your organization type. (National Government Agencies/State-owned enterprises/Private enterprise/Foreign enterprise/Other)