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. 2024 Mar 5;12(3):576. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12030576

Figure 6.

Figure 6

RF induced changes in the mitochondrial dynamics of A549 cells. (A) Mitochondrial calcium levels in A549 cells treated with 40 µM RF for each indicated time period, visualized using Rhod2 staining. (B) Mitochondrial superoxide levels in A549 cells treated with 40 µM RF for each indicated time period, assessed using MitoSox staining. (C) The MMP of A549 cells treated with 40 µM RF. CCCP was used as a positive control. (D) Changes in MMP after pre-treatment with 10 µM BAPTA-AM and treatment with 40 µM RF for 24 h. (E) Changes in MMP after pre-treatment with 2 mM NAC and treatment with 40 µM RF for 24 h. (F) Lipid peroxidation levels after pre-treatment with 10 µM BAPTA, 2 mM NAC, and 40 µM RF for 24 h. (G) Western blot for p-JNK and JNK in A549 cells exposed to 40 μM of RF at the indicated times. (H) Western blotting for ATF3 in A549 cells pre-treated with 20 μM SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, and treatment with 40 μM RF for 24 h. (I) MTT analysis of A549 cells pre-treated with 20 μM SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, and treatment with 40 μM RF for 24 h. Statistical differences were assessed using one-way ANOVA. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 compared to the RF-treated group. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 and ### p < 0.001 compared to the control. RF, rotundifuran.