Table 2.
Anthropometry and body composition derived from DXA scans in the offspring (n = 391) from the Chiang Mai Low Birth Weight Study stratified by their mother’s BMI status in pregnancy using the Asia-Pacific BMI cut-offs.
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight/obesity | Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight/obesity | |
| n | 39 (10.0%) | 270 (69.0%) | 82 (21.0%) | 39 (10.0%) | 270 (69.0%) | 82 (21.0%) |
| Height (cm) | 163.3 (160.8, 165.9) | 163.4 (162.5, 164.4) | 165.3 (163.5, 167.0) | 163.3 (161.5, 165.2) | 163.8 (163.1, 164.5) | 164.2 (162.9, 165.5) |
| Weight (kg) | 52.74 (48.81, 56.67)** | 55.91 (54.42, 57.40)** | 61.01 (58.30, 63.72) | 52.39 (48.71, 56.07)** | 56.14 (54.76, 57.51)** | 60.43 (57.85, 63.00) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.6 (18.4, 20.8)*** | 20.8 (20.4, 21.3)** | 22.3 (21.4, 23.1) | 19.5 (18.3, 20.7)***† | 20.8 (20.4, 21.3)** | 22.3 (21.5, 23.2) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.1 (74.0, 80.1)** | 78.9 (77.8, 80.1)** | 82.6 (80.5, 84.7) | 73.4 (70.4, 76.5)** | 75.2 (74.0, 76.3)** | 79.0 (76.9, 81.1) |
| Lean mass (kg) | 38.84 (36.02, 41.67)** | 40.32 (39.24, 41.32)** | 43.92 (41.97, 45.86) | 38.85 (36.91, 40.78)** | 40.32 (39.58, 41.05)** | 43.92 (42.58, 45.25) |
| Lean mass index (kg/m2) | 14.54 (13.81, 15.27)*** | 15.10 (14.82, 15.37)*** | 16.17 (15.67, 16.67) | 14.43 (13.85, 15.02)*** | 15.16 (14.94, 15.38)** | 15.99 (15.58, 16.40) |
| Fat mass (kg) | 14.23 (12.17, 16.29)* | 15.68 (14.90, 16.46)* | 17.48 (16.05, 18.90) | 14.23 (12.26, 16.20)** | 15.68 (14.93, 16.43)** | 17.48 (16.12, 18.84) |
| Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 5.41 (4.62, 6.20)* | 5.97 (5.68, 6.27) | 6.56 (6.02, 7.10) | 5.37 (4.65, 6.09)** | 5.90 (5.63, 6.17)** | 6.81 (6.30, 7.31) |
| Total body fat (%) | 26.5 (24.1, 28.9) | 27.7 (26.8, 28.6) | 27.9 (26. 3, 29.6) | 26.6 (24.9, 28.3)* | 27.4 (26.8, 28.1)* | 28.9 (27.7, 30.1) |
| Android fat (%) | 25.8 (23.0, 28.4) | 27.4 (26.4, 28.3) | 27.9 (26.2, 29.7) | 25.8 (23.6, 28.0)* | 27.1 (26.3, 27.9) | 28.8 (27.2, 30.3) |
| Gynoid fat (%) | 31.5 (28.8, 34.2) | 32.3 (31.3, 33.4) | 31.7 (29.8, 33.6) | 31.7 (30.1, 33.3) | 31.93 (31.4, 32.5) | 32.9 (31.8, 34.0) |
| Android-to-gynoid-fat ratio | 0.83 (0.78, 0.87)* | 0.86 (0.84, 0.87) | 0.88 (0.85, 0.91) | 0.82 (0.78, 0.86)* | 0.86 (0.84, 0.87) | 0.88 (0.85, 0.91) |
| Visceral adipose tissue (g) | 194 (163, 225) | 197 (186, 209) | 221 (199, 242) | 190 (159, 221) | 198 (187, 210) | 220 (199, 242) |
| Visceral adipose tissue index (kg/m2) | 0.073 (0.061, 0.084) | 0.074 (0.070, 0.078) | 0.082 (0.074, 0.089) | 0.071 (0.060, 0.082) | 0.074 (0.070, 0.078) | 0.082 (0.074, 0.090) |
BMI, body mass index; DXA, whole-body dual-energy absorptiometry.
Data are the means and respective 95% confidence intervals. Adjusted data were derived from general linear models adjusted for gestational age, sex, birth order, and maternal age.
BMI was recorded at the first antenatal visit (median of 14 weeks of gestation) in the original study in 1989–1990; BMI status was defined according to the Asia-Pacific criteria (10): underweight, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2; normal weight, BMI ≥ 18.5 to <23 kg/m2; and overweight/obesity, BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 for pairwise comparisons to the offspring of mothers with overweight/obesity.
†p < 0.05 for a pairwise comparison between the offspring of mothers with normal weight and underweight.