Table 3.
(a) Risk factors for initial ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy—univariate analysis *; (b) independent factors associated with ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy.
| (a) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ineffective Empirical Therapy n = 21 |
Effective Empirical Therapy n = 79 |
||||
| Mean | [SD] | Mean | [SD] | p-Value | |
| Age (years) | 76.9 | [10.4] | 79.0 | [12.5] | 0.275 |
| Days of hospitalization | 11.1 | [9.7] | 12.8 | [10.5] | 0.592 |
| Delay until reassessment of empirical therapy (days) | 3.1 | [1.4] | 3.6 | [2.3] | 0.827 |
| White-cell count (cc/mmcc) | 12,107.6 | [6770.2] | 14,416.6 | [8599.6] | 0.341 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 156.3 | [145.5] | 126.4 | [95.3] | 0.775 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 60.1 | [100.2] | 31.0 | [47.6] | 0.975 |
| n | (%) | n | (%) | p -Value | |
| Gender | 0.924 | ||||
| Female | 8 | (38.1) | 31 | (39.2) | |
| Male | 13 | (61.9) | 48 | (60.8) | |
| ICU when BSI | 0.603 | ||||
| No | 19 | (90.5) | 75 | (94.9) | |
| Yes | 2 | (9.5) | 4 | (5.1) | |
| Septic shock | 0.464 | ||||
| No | 17 | (81.0) | 70 | (88.6) | |
| Yes | 4 | (6.2) | 9 | (25.0) | |
| ESBL | 0.008 | ||||
| No | 15 | (75.0) | 75 | (96.2) | |
| Yes | 6 | (25.0) | 3 | (3.8) | |
| Type of Enterobacterales | <0.001 | ||||
| ESCPM group | 10 | (47.6) | 8 | (10.1) | |
| Other | 11 | (52.4) | 71 | (89.9) | |
| Clinically unstable at 48 hr or death | |||||
| No | 7 | (33.3) | 58 | (73.4) | |
| Yes | 14 | (66.7) | 21 | (26.6) | |
| Type of empirical therapy | 0.001 | ||||
| Single therapy | 10 | (47.6) | 49 | (62.0 | |
| Combination therapy | 6 | (28.6) | 30 | (38.0) | |
| No empirical therapy | 5 | (23.8) | 0 | (0.0) | |
| (b) | |||||
| AdjOR | [95% CI] | p-Value | |||
| ESBL | |||||
| No | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 9.40 | [1.70; 62.14] | 0.012 | ||
| Type of Enterobacterales | |||||
| ESCPM group | 5.89 | [1.70; 21.40] | 0.006 | ||
| Other | 1 | ||||
| Clinical instability at 48 hr or death | |||||
| No | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 4.71 | [1.44; 17.08] | 0.012 | ||
* One patient was excluded as she died a few hours after the diagnosis of sepsis, and antibiotic sensitivity testing was not available. ESBL: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; ESCPM: Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., Citrobacter sp., Providencia sp., Morganella sp.