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. 2024 Feb 25;15(3):295. doi: 10.3390/genes15030295

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© 2024 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The general biosynthesis pathway of lignin. PAL: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; TAL: tyrosine ammonia-lyase; C4H: cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; C3H: p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase; C3′H: coumaroyl shikimate3′-hydroxylase; 4CL: 4-coumarate: CoA ligase; HCT: hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/Quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase; F5H: ferulate 5-hydroxylase; CSE: caffeoyl shikimate esterase; CCR: cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase; COMT: caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; CAD: cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; LAC: laccase; POD: peroxidase; DIR: dirigent; H: hydroxyphenyl lignin; C: catechyl lignin; G: guaiacyl lignin; S: syringyl lignin.