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. 2024 Mar 18;12(6):679. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12060679

Table 1.

Qualitative synthesis of the results.

Participants Intervention Outcome (Tool) Main Results PEDro Score
Author (Year) Mean Age (SD) Diagnosis CST Group Control Group Session Duration Frequency (Sessions/Week) Total Number of Sessions
Musculoskeletal disorders
Headache disorders
Hanten et al., 1999 A [34] 36 (12) TTH CST
(n = 20) 		Resting position
(n = 20)		 10 m 1 s/w 1
  • −

    Pain (VAS)

  • −

    Impact (VAS)

 ND
ND		 4
Hanten et al., 1999 B [34] 36 (12) TTH CST
(n = 20)		 Control
(n = 20)		 10 m 1 s/w 1
  • −

    Pain (VAS)

  • −

    Impact (VAS)

 ↑ Pain
↑ Impact 		4
Arnadottir et al., 2013 [37] 37.6 (9.3) Migraine CST
(n = 10)		 Control
(n = 10)		 NR 1.5 s/w 6
  • −

    Impact (HIT-6)

 ND 5
Muñoz-Gómez et al., 2022 [38] CST: 40.92 (7.95)
CG: 37.64 (9.42)		 Migraine CST
(n = 25)		 Sham intervention
(n = 25)		 45 m 1 s/w 8
  • −

    Pain (VAS)

  • −

    Migraine severity (HDI)

 ↑ Pain
↑ Severity 		6
Neck pain
Haller et al., 2016 [47] CST: 44.2 (9.7)
CG: 45.0 (10.5)		 CNP CST
(n = 27)		 Sham intervention
(n = 27)		 45 m 1 s/w 8
  • −

    Pain (VAS)

  • −

    Neck disability (NDI)

 ↑ Pain
↑ Disability 		8
Low back pain
Castro-Sánchez et al., 2011 [33] CST: 50 (11)
CG: 53 (9)		 CLBP CST
(n = 32)		 Control
(n = 32)		 50 m 1 s/w 10
  • −

    Pain (VAS)

  • −

    Disability (RMQ and ODI)

 ↑ Pain
ND		 7
Mazreati et al., 2021 [39] CST: 34.28 (3.28)
CG: 33.11 (3.20)		 CLBP CST
(n = 30)		 Control
(n = 29)		 30–45 m NR 8
  • −

    Pain (McGill questionnaire)

 ↑ Pain 6
Pelvic girdle pain
Elden et al., 2013 [45] CST: 30.6 (3.9)
CG: 31.3 (4.3)		 Pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain CST + standard care
(n = 55)		 Standard care
(n = 57)		 45 m 1 s/w 3
  • −

    Morning pain (VAS)

  • −

    Evening pain (VAS)

  • −

    Discomfort of pain (VAS)

  • −

    Disability (DRI)

↑ Morning pain
ND
ND
ND		 8
Fibromyalgia
Matarán-Peñarrocha et al., 2011 [35] CST: 48.25 (13.34)
CG: 52.26 (10.98)		 Fibromyalgia CST
(n = 43)		 Sham intervention
(n = 41)		 60 m 2 s/w 50
  • −

    Pain (VAS)

 ↑ Pain 4
Non-musculoskeletal conditions
Infantile colic
Castejón-Castejón et al., 2022 [40] CST: 39.14 (20.15) days
CG: 33.69 (15.14) days		 Infantile colic CST
(n = 29)		 Control
(n = 25)		 30–40 m 1 s/w 1 to 3
  • −

    Crying diary

  • −

    Sleeping diary

 ↑ Crying
↑ Sleeping 		6
Hayden et al., 2006 [41] CST:46.4 (5.4) days
CG: 44.5 (5.0) days		 Infantile colic CST
(n = 14)		 Control
(n = 14)		 30 m 1 s/w 4
  • −

    Crying diary

  • −

    Sleeping diary

 ↑ Crying
↑ Sleeping 		5
Preterm infants
Raith et al., 2016 [42] CST: 28 (25–33) weeks
CG: 30 (27–33) weeks		 Preterm infants CST
(n = 12)		 Control
(n = 13)		 NR 2 s/w 6
  • −

    Motor Function (GMA, GMOS)

 ND 5
Autism
Mishra and Senapati 2015 [43] CST: 3–10
CG: 3–10		 Children with autism CST + standard care
(n = 10)		 Standard care
(n = 10)		 60 m 5 s/w 40
  • −

    Autism evaluation (ATEC)

 ↑ Autism evaluation 5
Hyperactivity disorder
Amrovabady et al., 2013 [36] CST: 9.5
CG: 9.9		 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder CST + standard care
(n = 12)		 Standard care
(n = 12)		 30 m 2 s/w 15
  • −

    Symptoms (CSI-4)

  • −

    Behaviour (CPRS)

 ↑ Symptoms
↑ Behaviour 		3
Cerebral palsy
Wyatt et al., 2011 [44] CST: 8.0 (5–12)
CG: 7.6 (5–12) 		Cerebral palsy CST
(n = 62)		 Control
(n = 67)		 NR 1 s/month 6
  • −

    Motor function (GMFM66)

  • −

    Physical function (CHQ)

  • −

    Pain (PPP)

 ND
ND
ND		 6
Visual function
Sandhouse et al., 2010 [46] 24.38 (3.03) Patients with myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism CST
(n = 15)		 Sham intervention
(n = 14)		 5 m 1 s/w 1
  • −

    Distance visual acuity testing

  • −

    Accomodative system testing

  • −

    Local stereoacuity testing

  • −

    Pupillary size testing

  • −

    Retinoscopy

  • −

    Vergence system testing

 ND
ND
ND
↑ right pupillary size
ND
ND 		7

↑ Statistically significant improvement. CST: craniosacral; CG: control group; TTH: tension-type headache; CNP: chronic neck pain; CLBP: chronic low back pain; NR: no reported; VAS: Visual Analog Scale; HIT-6: Headache Impact Test; HDI: Headache Disability Index; NDI: Neck Disability Index; RMQ: Roland Morris Questionnaire; ODI: Oswestry Disability Index; DRI: Disability Rating Index; GMA: General Movement Assessment; GMOS: General Movement Optimality Score; ATEC: Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist; CSI-4: Children Severity Index; CPRS: Conners’ Parent Rating Scale; GMFM-66: Gross Motor Function Measure; CHQ: Child Health Questionnaire; PPP: Pediatric Pain Profile; ND: no difference.