Table 1.
Cellulose-based polymers, their specific applications, analyses, and characterization.
| Cellulose Polymer Composition | Primary Application | Primary Analysis and Characterization | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carboxymethylcellulose-based superabsorbents with additives like GO, rGO, activated carbon, and bentonite | Slow-release material for liquid fertilizers in agriculture | Gel strength, gel fraction, swelling tests, elution tests with urea, plant growth experiments | [24] |
| Alpha-cellulose and modified zeolite (MZE) based superabsorbent polymer composites | Water-keeping materials in agricultural and horticultural fields | FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TGA, water absorbency and retention capacity tests | [25] |
| Water hyacinth cellulose-graft-poly(ammonium acrylate-co-acrylic acid) polymer hydrogel | Agriculture for biodegradability and effective utilization of water | FTIR, TEM, water absorption tests, degradation testing | [26] |
| Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose grafted with acrylic acid, polyaspartic acid and palygorskite | Improving water and fertilizer retention in soil | FTIR, SEM, thermal gravimetric analysis, equilibrium absorption tests | [27] |
| Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMCNa) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)-based hydrogels | Agriculture, for controlled water release | Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, SEM | [28] |
| Cellulose derivatives-based superabsorbent hydrogel | Water reservoir in agriculture and horticulture | Sorption capability assessment, experimental greenhouse cultivation, soil-water retention curve analysis | [29] |
| Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) filled poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) | Waterborne coating materials for NPK fertilizer with slow release and water retention properties | Physico-chemical characteristics of CNC, morphology, coating rate, crushing strength, water-holding capacity and retention of soil | [30] |
| Biodegradable all-cellulose composite hydrogel from sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/hydroxyethyl cellulose blend with regenerated cellulose particles | Coating material for slow-release MAP fertilizer with water retention properties | Coating thickness, crosslinking conditions, crushing resistance, soil water retention capacity, release experiment of phosphorus and nitrogen | [31] |
| Carboxymethyl cellulose with potassium nitrate | Coating for nonwovens for efficient water and fertilizer management | Morphological and structural analyses, gel fraction, water absorbency and retention capacity, fertilizer release profile | [32] |
| Cellulose-based hydrogel modified and crosslinked with urea | Controlled release of fertilizer | FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, TGA, SEM, swelling behavior, water holding and retention behavior | [33] |
| Bacterial cellulose spheres biosynthesized from winery by-products | Natural carriers for fertilizers | Comparative study between agitated and static cultures, water-holding capacity (WHC) assays, fertilizer retention | [34] |
| Cellulose biopolymers as composite matrices | Controlled/slow-release fertilizers | Cellulose modification, slow/controlled-release mechanisms | [35] |
| Carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly(acrylamide)/montmorillonite | Slow-release urea fertilizer | Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, SEM, swelling capacity | [36] |
| Poly(lactic acid)/cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogel composite | Water and fertilizer reservoir in agricultural applications | Morphological (SEM), physical (X-ray diffraction), chemical (EDX), and thermal properties (TGA, DSC) | [37] |
| Corn straw cellulose-based superabsorbent | Water-retaining and slow-release fertilizer | SEM, FTIR, XPS, TGA, water absorbency, slow-release performance | [38] |
| Modified cellulose as a grafting agent and flexible copolymer | Slow-release urea fertilizer | Different methods for characterizing modified cellulose, water absorbency, water retention capacity, reusability, biodegradability, slow-release property | [39] |
| Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Kaolin | Controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) | Sol–gel polymerization technique, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, UV–Vis Spectroscopy, Diacetylmonoxime method | [40] |
| Dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose and gelatin hydrogels | Biodegradable slow-release fertilizers | Schiff base reaction, study of release behavior of iron cations, Peleg’s Model | [41] |
| Cellulose-based hydrogels crosslinked with borax | Applications in wound dressing, agriculture, and flame-retardant coating | Swelling ratio analysis, antibacterial activity testing | [42] |
| Quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose/mesocellular silica foam hydrogel | Hemostasis and wound healing | Radical graft copolymerization, water-triggered expansion, superabsorbent capacity, antibacterial activities, cytocompatibility | [43] |
| Crosslinked bacterial cellulose | Chronic wound dressings | BC crosslinking using citric acid with catalysts, water capacity and release testing, cytotoxicity tests | [44] |
| Cellulose-based polymer modified by silica aerogel and calcium chloride | Hemostatic agent | Chemical and physical crosslinking methods, blood absorption content, RBC attachment, blood clotting index, platelet adhesion, clotting time test, partial thromboplastin time, in vivo studies | [17] |
| Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) crosslinked with epichlorohydrin | Hydrogels for applications in hygiene and biomedical products | Water retention value measurement, compositional analysis, SEM, FTIR, XRD, re-swelling properties | [45] |
| Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and starch membranes crosslinked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and aluminum sulphate (AlS) | Absorbent core of sanitary napkins | Phase inversion and lyophilisation, water and blood sorption, mechanical strength and flexibility, biodegradability | [48] |
| Cellulose superabsorbent hydrogel | Preserve water in arid areas | Heterogeneous TiO2 photo-catalysed process, detoxification of washing waters, monitoring of total organic carbon and sulfate anions | [49] |
| Cellulose aerogel crosslinked with citric acid | Flame-retardant material | Brunauer–Emmet–Teller surface area measurement, thermal stability, flame-retardant performance | [50] |
| Chitin and cellulose/chitin-based superabsorbent hydrogels | Biodegradable products | Esterification crosslinking, water absorbency measurement, enzyme degradability by chitinase | [51] |
| Bacterial cellulose | Diverse applications including biomedical, food, paper, packaging, electrochemical energy storage | Production and properties review, potential for large scale applications, biomedical applications | [52] |
| Biomass lignin-based hydroxyethyl cellulose-PVA super-absorbent hydrogel | Dye pollutant removal | Swelling ratio, dye uptake capability, biodegradability, water retention | [53] |
| Pectin/Carboxymethyl Cellulose-based Hybrid Hydrogels | Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption | Solution polymerization, FTIR, SEM, TGA, DSC, AFM, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), adsorption capacity analysis | [54] |
| Lignocellulose-Based Superabsorbent Polymer Gel Crosslinked with Magnesium Aluminum Silicate | Removal of Zn (II) from Aqueous Solution | Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, adsorption kinetics and isotherm model analysis | [55] |
| Nanocellulose-Based Superabsorbent from Kapok Fiber | Oil Absorption and Recyclability for Spilled-Oil Cleanup | Porous structure analysis, oil absorption and release performance, Rigter–Peppas model, reusability assessment | [56] |
| Microcrystalline Cellulose in Portland Cement-Based and Alkali-Activated Slag-Fly Ash Blend | Construction Material | Rheology, hydration kinetics, early age strength analysis, micro-structural build-up | [57] |
| Plant Cellulose Microfibers in Cement Composites | Cement Composites Hydration | Hydration characteristics, setting time, heat of hydration, compressive strength, mercury intrusion porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy | [58] |
| Cellulose-g-poly(butyl acrylate)/kaolin Nanocomposite | Fire-retardant biomaterial | Emulsion polymerization, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermal behavior, mechanical properties, fire-retardant properties | [59] |
| Superabsorbent Polymers based on Starch Aldehydes and Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose | Biodegradable superabsorbent polymers | FT-IR spectra, aldehyde quantitation, morphology in FE-SEM images, Fickian diffusion model, Schott’s pseudo-second-order kinetics model | [60] |
| Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Starch/Citric Acid Superabsorbent Polymer | Superabsorbent Polymer Production | FTIR analysis, TGA, water absorbency capacity, Schott’s pseudo-second-order model, cytotoxicity tests, in silico docking investigations | [61] |
| Spherical and Water-Absorbent Gels from Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose | Biodegradable Superabsorbent Polymer | Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether as crosslinking agent, water absorbency, water-holding capacity, enzyme degradability | [62] |
| Bacterial Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent | Superabsorbent Production | Synthesis process optimization, water absorption, salts absorption, water retention capacity, characterization by XRF, NMR, FT-IR, SEM, and TGA | [63] |
| Maleylated Cotton Stalk Cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid) Superabsorbent | Agriculture | UV photopolymerization, FT-IR, H-1 NMR, SEM, TGA, swelling kinetics, salt resistance, water retention, biodegradability | [64] |
| Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Cellulose and Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Hydrogel | Superabsorbent Hydrogel | ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy, crystallinity, thermal stability, gel fraction, swelling ability | [65] |
| Carboxymethylcellulose/Graphene Nanocomposite Superabsorbent Hydrogels | Superabsorbent Polymer and Additive Inorganic Nanomaterial | Electron beam radiation-assisted polymerization, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, mechanical strength, gel fraction, swelling kinetics | [66] |
| Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)-Grafted Nanocellulose/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Composite | Drug Delivery Vehicle for Amoxicillin | Graft copolymerization reaction, FTIR, XRD, SEM, DLS, equilibrium swelling studies, drug encapsulation efficiency, drug release kinetics | [67] |
| TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers | Bio-Based Superabsorbent for Diaper Production | Free swelling capacity, comparison with commercial fluff pulp and diaper absorbent, suitability for baby diapers | [68] |
| Cellulose Material-Alginate Hydrogels | 3D Bioprinting for Cell Deposition | Freeze-dried scaffolds, cell deposition, 3D bioprinting, cell viability | [69] |
| Crosslinked Carboxymethyl Cellulose | Toxic Shock Syndrome Research Related to Superabsorbent Tampons | Beta-glucosidase activity, microbial degradation, crosslinked cellulose analysis | [70] |
| Cellulose-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Beads | Hydrogel Beads for Various Applications | NMR relaxometry, bead-water interactions, swelling capacity, surface energy | [71] |
| Cellulose-Based Hydrogels Crosslinked with Citric Acid | Environmentally Friendly Hydrogels | DSC, FTIR, swelling measurements, reaction mechanism investigation | [72] |
| Hydroxyethylcellulose/Acrylic Acid Copolymer Gels | Superabsorbent Hydrogels | Radiation-initiated crosslinking, gel properties, electrolyte sensitivity | [73] |
| Carboxymethyl Cellulose Strengthened by TEMPO-mediated Oxidation Wheat Straw Cellulose Nanofiber | Hygienic and Horticultural Sectors | Citric acid crosslinking, swelling capacity, ionic sensitivity, biodegradability | [74] |
| Waste Hemicelluloses Lye for Superabsorbent Hydrogel Synthesis | High-Performance Superabsorbent Hydrogel | SEM, FTIR, TG, liquid absorbency, adsorption kinetics and isotherms | [75] |
| Cotton Cellulose and Succinic Anhydride Derived Superabsorbent Hydrogels | Biodegradable Superabsorbent Hydrogels | Esterification, absorbency in water and NaCl solution, biodegradability | [76] |
| Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels Crosslinked with Divinyl Sulfone | Degree of Crosslinking Evaluation of Hydrogels | C-13 solid state NMR, dynamic mechanical analysis, stress-deformation ratio, rubber elasticity theory | [77] |
| Cellulose-Based Microporous Superabsorbent Hydrogels | Personal Hygiene, Biomedical, and Industrial Applications | Chemical–physical structure analysis, equilibrium sorption properties, effect of crosslinking, pH, and ionic strength | [78] |
| Cationic Hydroxyethylcelluloses (PQ-4 and PQ-10) with Ethylenglycol Diglycidylether | pH-/Ion-Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems | Rheometric analysis, crosslinking kinetics, drug loading and release | [79] |
| Carboxymethylcellulose Hydrogels | High-Value Products via Circular Economy | Preparation and application of hydrogels, water absorption, mechanical strength, biodegradability | [80] |
| Regenerated Cellulose Products | Agricultural Applications | Dissolution–regeneration process, mechanical properties, potential in agriculture | [81] |
| Flax Shive Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Polymer | Biodegradable Superabsorbent Polymer | Graft polymerization, SEM, FT-IR, TGA, biodegradability in soil | [82] |
| Nanocellulose Superabsorbent | Agricultural Growth of Spinach | Biodegradation, effect on soil properties and plant biomass, water management | [83] |
| Cationic Hydroxyethylcelluloses with Ethylenglycol Diglycidylether | Monitoring of Hydrogel Crosslinking Process | Ultrasonic wave propagation, dynamic mechanical analysis, acoustic behavior | [84] |
| Alginate-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Superabsorbents | Sustainable Superabsorbents for Various Applications | Quasi-cryogelation method, water absorption properties, morphology | [85] |
| Wheat Gluten Foams with Genipin and Cellulose Nanofibers | Superabsorbent and Biobased Protein Foams | Rapid and high water uptake, mechanical stability, capillary-driven absorption | [86] |
| Bacterial Cellulose Film from Cashew Apple Juice Processing Residue | Superabsorbent Biomaterial Production | FTIR, thermogravimetry, mechanical tests, water absorption capacity, SEM | [87] |