Table 2.

Specific risk factors for each joint.

Joint	Incidence	Risk Factors
Hip	0.5–1%	obesity, malnutrition, hyperglycemia, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, preoperative anemia, cardiovascular disorders, chronic renal failure, smoking, alcohol abuse, and depression
Knee	0.5–2%	male sex, younger age, diabetes mellitus 2, obesity, hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, malnutrition, rheumatoid arthritis, post-traumatic osteoarthritis, preoperative intra-articular injections, previous multiligament knee surgery, previous steroid therapy, tobacco use, procedure type (bilateral), length of stay over 35 days, patellar resurfacing, prolonged operative time, blood transfusions, higher glucose variability in the postoperative phase, congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary illness, preoperative anemia, depression, renal illness, pulmonary circulation disorders, psychoses, metastatic tumor, peripheral vascular illness, and valvular illness
Ankle	0.2–26.1%	inflammatory arthritis, prior ankle surgery, age < 65 years, BMI < 19, peripheral vascular disease, chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, low preoperative AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) hindfoot scores.
Shoulder	<1%	male sex, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, alcohol overuse, iron-deficiency anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, operation history, revision arthroplasty, acute trauma, and nonosteoarthritis as a preoperative diagnosis