Table 1.
Protective effects of polyphenols extracted from different food matrices: in vitro study.
| Type of Polyphenol | Target | Mechanism of Action | Modification Types | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Lung Cancer | Causes a decrease of Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) | Decreased tumour multiplicity in mice | [42] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Colorectal Cancer | Causes inhibition of cell proliferation induction of Nrf2 nuclear translocation and autophagy, expression of LC3 and caspase-9 mRNA | Reduced tumour multiplicity, tumour size | [43] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Skin Cancer | Causes inhibition of the proliferation, inhibition of NF-κB activity, IL-1β secretion related with downregulation of NLRP1 | Inhibited melanoma tumour growth | [44] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Prostate Cancer | Causes inhibition of class I HDACs (HDAC1, 2, 3, and 8), induction of tumour cell apoptosis | Inhibited tumour growth | [45] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Breast Cancer | Causes inhibition of cell growth | Inhibited tumour growth | [46] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Breast Cancer | Modifies activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9 | Inhibited tumour growth | [47] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Breast Cancer | Causes decrease of AKT and increase Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, comparable to tamoxifen | Inhibited tumour growth | [48] |
| Ellagitannin | Leukaemia | Causes apoptosis | Inhibited proliferation of leukemic cells | [49] |
| Glucosinolate | Liver Cancer | Causes apoptosis | Reduced tumour growth | [50] |
| Resveratrol | αVβ3 integrin receptor in MCF-7 cells | Causes apoptosis of breast cancer cells | Reduced tumour growth | [51] |
| Resveratrol | Liver Cancer | Enhances autophagic flux and apoptosis simultaneously in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HL-60 cells and Hepa 1c1c7 cells | Cancer chemo-preventive agent | [52] |
| Resveratrol | Human Prostate Cancer | Causes a decrease in DU-145, PC-3, and JCA- levels | Decreased prostate cancer cell growth | [53] |
| Apigenin | Glycaemia | Causes an increase in the activity of cellular antioxidants, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione. | Decreased and prevented hyperglycaemia | [54] |
| (–)-Epicatechin | Breast Cancer | Causes inhibition of the MCF-7 cell viability | Decreased tumour cell growth | [55] |
| Luteolin | Breast Cancer | Causes decrease in the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells | Decreased breast cancer cell growth | [56] |
| Gallic acid | Colon Cancer (rats) | Causes an increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase activities | Decreased widespread cancer | [57] |
Abbreviations: Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2); LC3 (Light Chain 3); NLPR1 (NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 1); HDACs (Histone deacetylases); AKT (protein kinase B); Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma protein 2; Bax(Bcl-2)-associated X protein); HL-60 (human leukaemia cell line); Hepa1c1c7 (hepatoma cell line Hepa1c1c7); DU-145, PC-3, and JCA (prostate cancer cell lines); MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell line); NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB); IL-1β (interleukin-1β); NLRP1 (NOD-like-receptor containing a Pyrin domain 1); HDACs (Histone deacetylases).