Table 2.
Protective effects of polyphenols extracted from different food matrices: in vivo study.
| Type of Polyphenol | Target | Mechanism of Action | Modification Types | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Curcumin | Intestine Crohn’s Disease (CD) | Causes repression of * TGF-β1 | Reduction of intestinal fibrotic stricture in Crohn’s disease | [103] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Lung Cancer | Acts as an alternative immune checkpoint inhibitor | Decrement in tumour multiplicity | [104] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Lung Cancer | Modulates Akt, NF-κB, MAP kinases and cell cycle pathways | Reduction in tumour multiplicity, tumour size | [105] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Colon Cancer | Causes decrease in the levels of proinflammatory eicosanoids, prostaglandin E2, and leukotriene B4 | Reduction in tumour growth | [106] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Colon Cancer | Causes apoptosis and augmented expression levels of RXR α, β, and γ in the adenocarcinomas | Reduction in tumour growth | [107] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Skin Cancer | Causes inhibition of the proliferation, inhibition of NF-κB activity, IL-1β secretion related with downregulation of NLRP1 | Inhibition of melanoma tumour growth | [108] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Skin Cancer | Induces photoprotective effect against acute UVB | Reduction in tumour size and tumour volume | [109] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Prostate Cancer | Causes inhibition of agonist-dependent AR activation and AR-regulated gene transcription | Reduction in tumour growth | [110] |
| Allicin | Cholangiocarcinoma | Causes reduction in the activity of the PI3K/AKt signalling pathway | Suppression of the growth of human liver bile duct carcinoma | [111] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Breast Cancer | Causes downregulation of miR-25 | Reduction in tumour growth | [112] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Breast Cancer | Causes decrease in AKt and increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, comparable to tamoxifen | Reduction in tumour growth | [113] |
* Abbreviation: TGF-β1 (Transforming growth factor-β1); Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2); LC3 (Light Chain 3); NF-kB (Nuclear factor kappa B); NLR1 (NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 1); HDACs (Histone deacetylases); AKT (protein kinase B); Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma protein 2; BAX (Bcl-2)-associated X protein); HL-60 (human leukaemia cell line); Hepa1c1c7 (hepatoma cell line Hepa1c1c7); DU-145, PC-3, and JCA (prostate cancer cell lines); MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell line); NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB); IL-1β (interleukin-1β); NLRP1 (NOD-like-receptor containing a Pyrin domain 1); HDACs (Histone deacetylases); miR-25 (micro-RNA25).