Table 1.
Participant Characteristics Overall and by Substance Use Disorder in the Past 12 Months and Prepregnancy Substance Use from Four Prenatal Care Clinics in Three Sites, 2016–2017
| Maternal characteristic | Total (n = 1115), % |
Prepregnancy substance use
a,b
|
Substance use disorder
b,c
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 677) | No (n = 431) | Yes (n = 172) | No (n = 941) | ||
|
| |||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| ≤24 | 24.3 | 22.3 | 27.4 | 34.9 | 22.3 |
| 25–34 | 56.1 | 57.0 | 54.3 | 52.3 | 56.8 |
| ≥35 | 19.6 | 20.7 | 18.3 | 12.8 | 20.9 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White non-Hispanic | 38.7 | 44.9 | 29.5 | 34.3 | 39.6 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 39.0 | 37.4 | 41.3 | 46.5 | 37.6 |
| Hispanic | 15.3 | 12.1 | 20.2 | 12.8 | 15.6 |
| Otherd | 7.0 | 5.6 | 9.1 | 6.4 | 7.1 |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 10.0 | 10.6 | 9.1 | 17.4 | 8.6 |
| High school degree | 27.5 | 21.7 | 36.0 | 26.2 | 27.7 |
| Some college | 26.0 | 24.4 | 29.0 | 27.9 | 25.7 |
| College degree or higher | 36.4 | 43.3 | 26.0 | 28.5 | 37.9 |
| Married or living as married | 50.6 | 53.8 | 46.2 | 34.9 | 53.6 |
| Received public assistance in the past year | 43.3 | 37.7 | 51.7 | 54.1 | 41.3 |
| First pregnancy | 29.6 | 32.9 | 24.6 | 36.6 | 28.4 |
| Child and family services caseb | 6.5 | 8.4 | 3.6 | 14.9 | 4.9 |
| Depression or anxiety (self-report) | 27.4 | 32.1 | 20.7 | 44.8 | 24.3 |
| Pain or discomfort (self-report) | 49.2 | 52.4 | 44.3 | 64.0 | 46.4 |
| Neighborhood is safeb | 88.9 | 86.1 | 92.6 | 74.1 | 91.5 |
| Lives with someone using nonprescribed drugs | 5.5 | 6.9 | 3.3 | 13.4 | 4.0 |
| Partner has a problem with substance use | 7.7 | 9.8 | 4.6 | 20.9 | 5.3 |
| Friends have a problem with substance use | 23.6 | 27.9 | 16.9 | 49.4 | 18.8 |
| Parents have a problem with substance use | 28.5 | 30.9 | 24.6 | 43.6 | 25.8 |
| Tobacco use | 21.9 | 28.1 | 11.8 | 44.8 | 17.5 |
| Pregnancy characteristics | |||||
| Pregnancy self-reported to be: | |||||
| At the right time (vs. OK or wrong time)b | 59.6 | 57.7 | 62.1 | 35.5 | 63.9 |
| Intended (vs. changing intentions or unintended)b | 51.3 | 50.7 | 51.8 | 34.3 | 54.2 |
| Pregnancy trimester at study enrollment | |||||
| First | 34.9 | 35.6 | 34.3 | 35.5 | 34.8 |
| Second | 32.7 | 33.2 | 31.3 | 32.0 | 32.7 |
| Third | 32.5 | 31.2 | 34.3 | 32.6 | 32.5 |
Bold indicates significance at the p < 0.05 level; table displays row percentages and the total row displays column percentages.
Includes either self-report of use in the month before pregnancy or positive urine drug test at the prenatal visit of study enrollment of alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, marijuana, and opioids.
Missing data include 20 child and family services case, 339 neighborhood safety, 9 pregnancy timing, 9 pregnancy intention in the total column; additionally, 2 individuals are missing all data in the SUD column and 7 individuals are missing all data in the substance use column.
Includes alcohol, marijuana, heroin, prescription drug, and stimulant use disorders.
Includes Arab ethnicity or American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, or unknown race.
SUD, substance use disorder.