Table 2.
Association of Pregnancy Timing and Intention with Prepregnancy Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders, 2016–2017
|
Pregnancy self-reported to be
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At the right time | At an OK or wrong time | aPR (95% CI) a | Intended | Changing intentions or unintended | aPR (95% CI) a | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Prepregnancy substance useb | ||||||
| Any substance usec | ||||||
| Yes | 388 (57.7) | 284 (42.3) | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) | 341 (50.7) | 331 (49.3) | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) |
| No | 265 (62.1) | 162 (37.9) | Ref | 221 (51.8) | 206 (48.2) | Ref |
| Use of multiple substances | ||||||
| Yes | 48 (31.8) | 103 (68.2) | 0.68 (0.54–0.86) | 32 (21.3) | 118 (78.7) | 0.61 (0.46–0.82) |
| No | 611 (64.0) | 344 (36) | Ref | 535 (56.0) | 421 (44.0) | Ref |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| Any | 337 (61.7) | 209 (38.3) | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 308 (56.6) | 236 (43.4) | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) |
| None | 322 (57.5) | 238 (42.5) | Ref | 259 (46.1) | 303 (53.9) | Ref |
| Marijuana use | ||||||
| Yes | 89 (36.3) | 156 (63.7) | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | 56 (22.9) | 189 (77.1) | 0.69 (0.54–0.88) |
| No | 570 (66.2) | 291 (33.8) | Ref | 511 (59.4) | 350 (40.7) | Ref |
| Other substance used | ||||||
| Yes | 12 (28.6) | 30 (71.4) | 0.65 (0.42–1.02) | 11 (26.2) | 31 (73.8) | 0.79 (0.48–1.30) |
| No | 636 (60.9) | 408 (39.1) | Ref | 547 (52.4) | 497 (47.6) | Ref |
| SUDse | ||||||
| Any SUDe | ||||||
| Yes | 60 (35.5) | 109 (64.5) | 0.66 (0.55–0.80) | 58 (34.3) | 111 (65.7) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) |
| No | 597 (63.9) | 338 (36.2) | Ref | 507 (54.2) | 428 (45.8) | Ref |
| Multiple SUD | ||||||
| Yes | 8 (22.9) | 27 (77.1) | 0.56 (0.32–0.98) | 8 (22.2) | 28 (77.8) | 0.72 (0.41–1.25) |
| No | 651 (60.8) | 420 (39.2) | Ref | 559 (52.2) | 511 (47.8) | Ref |
| Alcohol use disorder | ||||||
| Yes | 47 (42.7) | 63 (57.3) | 0.80 (0.66–0.96) | 51 (46.8) | 58 (53.2) | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) |
| No | 609 (61.3) | 384 (38.7) | Ref | 514 (51.7) | 480 (48.3) | Ref |
| Marijuana use disorder | ||||||
| Yes | 19 (23.8) | 61 (76.3) | 0.63 (0.43–0.92) | 11 (13.4) | 71 (86.6) | 0.49 (0.30–0.81) |
| No | 638 (62.3) | 386 (37.7) | Ref | 554 (54.2) | 468 (45.8) | Ref |
| Other substance use disorderf | ||||||
| Yes | 2 (11.8) | 15 (88.2) | 0.29 (0.08–1.12) | 4 (23.5) | 13 (76.5) | 0.74 (0.29–1.90) |
| No | 657 (60.3) | 432 (39.7) | Ref | 563 (51.7) | 526 (48.3) | Ref |
Bold indicates significance at p < 0.05; aPRs model the likelihood of having a well-timed or intended pregnancy in women with substance use/SUD compared with women without.
All models are adjusted for sociodemographic variables (age, race, marital status, education, receiving public assistance in the past year, and first pregnancy), environmental variables (living with a drug user or having a parent, friend, or partner who have problems with alcohol or drug use), health variables (self-reported anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort), and tobacco use in the month before pregnancy; and using a substance or substances other than the exposure (substance use models) or having an SUD other than the exposure (SUD models).
Includes either self-report of use in the month before pregnancy or positive urine drug test at the prenatal visit of study enrollment of alcohol, marijuana, heroin or opioids, and stimulants or other illicit substances.
Includes alcohol, marijuana, heroin, stimulants, or other illicit substances.
Includes heroin, stimulants, or other illicit substances.
Includes alcohol, marijuana, heroin, prescription drug, and stimulant use disorders.
Includes heroin, prescription drug, and stimulant use disorders.
aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval.