Act A	Activin A
AdSCs	organ-restricted adult stem cells
AMAs	anti-mitochondrial antibodies
ANAs	specific anti-nuclear antibodies
AS	anastomotic stenosis
BA	biliary atresia
BCOs	organoids and cholangiocyte organoids derived from bile
BMP	bone morphogenic protein
BTPCs	biliary tree progenitor cells
CFTR	cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
DAMPs	damage-associated molecular patterns
DCDs	donors after cardiac death
DR	ductular reaction
ECM	extracellular matrix
ECOs	extrahepatic cholangiocytes
EGF	epidermal growth factor
ELTR	liver transplant registry
ERCP	endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ESCs	embryonic stem cells
FDOs	functional ductal organoids
FGF19	fibroblast growth factor 19
FSK	forskolin
GCOs	gallbladder cholangiocyte organoids
HGF	hepatocyte growth factor
HMP	hypothermic machine perfusion
HNF1β	hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β
HPC	hepatic progenitor cell
IBD	inflammatory bowel disease
IC	ischemic cholangiopathy
ICOs	intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids
Ig	immunoglobulin
IL-6	interleukin-6
iPSCs	pluripotent stem cells
IRI	ischemia-reperfusion injury
ISC	IgC4-related sclerosing cholangitis
ITBLs	ischemic-type biliary lesions
LT	liver transplantation
MP	machine perfusion
NAS	non-anastomotic stenosis
NMP	normothermic machine perfusion
norUDCA	24-norursodeoxycholic acid
NOX	NADPH oxidase
NRP	normothermic regional perfusion
OCA	obeticholic acid
OOC	organ on a chip
OSM	oncostatin M
PBC	primary biliary cholangitis
PBGs	peribiliary glands
PDGFB	platelet-derived growth factor
PSC	primary sclerosing cholangitis
ROS	oxygen-containing reactive species
S1RPs	signal regulatory proteins
scRNA-seq	single-cell RNA sequencing
SOX9	SRY-box transcription factor 9
TGFβ	transforming growth factor beta
TNFα	tumor necrosis factor alpha
UDCA	ursodeoxycholic acid