Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus in low (L) and high (H) groups of fasting plasma GLP-1 levels.
| Variable | Fasting Plasma GLP-1 (pmol/L) | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group L (<1.83) n = 34 |
Group H (1.83–3.32) n = 34 |
Total n = 68 |
||
| Age (years) | 59.3 ± 9.8 | 56.7 ± 10.0 | 58.8 ± 9.9 | 0.291 |
| Men, n (%) | 26 (76.5) | 17 (50.0) | 43 (63.2) | 0.044 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.3 ± 15.9 | 127.8 ± 11.9 | 129.5 ± 14.0 | 0.326 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.5 ± 11.2 | 76.4 ± 10.9 | 75.4 ± 11.0 | 0.493 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.0 ± 3.4 | 25.2 ± 5.3 | 25.6 ± 4.4 | 0.505 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.0 ± 8.6 | 93.0 ± 10.4 | 92.5 ± 9.4 | 0.754 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 156.0 ± 31.3 | 169.6 ± 34.3 | 162.8 ± 33.3 | 0.093 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46.9 ± 8.0 | 47.9 ± 10.7 | 47.4 ± 9.4 | 0.656 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 75.6 ± 17.7 | 82.7 ± 18.4 | 79.2 ± 18.3 | 0.109 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 148.5 (110.0–198.0) | 160.0 (110.0–217.0) | 155.0 (110.0–212.0) | 0.840 |
| Duration of diabetes (months) | 121.9 ± 91.2 | 84.4 ± 79.4 | 102.9 ± 86.8 | 0.086 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.3 ± 2.1 | 7.7 ± 1.5 | 8.0 ± 1.9 | 0.132 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 200.1 ± 78.5 | 177.0 ± 79.5 | 188.5 ± 79.3 | 0.231 |
| Fasting insulin (uIU/mL) | 12.9 (5.9–22.2) | 20.0 (8.1–32.9) | 14.5 (7.5–29.8) | 0.130 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.4 (2.8–13.5) | 10.9 (3.3–17.0) | 6.7 (3.0–14.3) | 0.275 |
| HOMA-β (%) | 27.4 (16.6–68.7) | 41.9 (17.0–85.1) | 32.7 (17.0–84.7) | 0.448 |
| Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 90.9 ± 27.9 | 103.6 ± 27.2 | 97.3 ± 28.1 | 0.079 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.040 |
| hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.4 (0.2–1.1) | 0.9 (0.3–1.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.4) | 0.067 |
| GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 55.0 (0.0–470.0) | 10.0 (0.0–60.0) | 10.0 (0.0–195.0) | 0.036 |
| Albuminuria, n (%) | 20 (58.8) | 11 (32.4) | 31 (45.6) | 0.051 |
Continuous variables with normal distributions are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, whereas continuous variables with non-normal distributions are expressed as median (interquartile range). Categorical variables are expressed as percentages (%). Abbreviations: GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; UACR, urine albumin creatinine ratio.