Table 1.
Environmental variables of sampling plots at four elevations on Changbai Mountain, China (Mean ± S.E.).
| Variable | Site 1 | Site 2 | Site 3 | Site 4 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| elevation (m) | 800 | 1100 | 1400 | 1700 | / |
| tree height (TH) (m) | 26.3 ± 2.4 a | 23.0 ± 0.4 ab | 20.5 ± 0.5 ab | 19.5 ± 0.5 b | 0.021 |
| shrub height (SH) (m) | 5.4 ± 1.3 a | 3.3 ± 0.7 ab | 0.9 ± 0.1 c | 2.0 ± 0.5 bc | 0.002 |
| tree coverage (TC) (%) | 80.0 ± 2.9 a | 81.3 ± 1.5 a | 74.5 ± 0.5 b | 68.3 ± 1.2 c | <0.001 |
| shrub coverage (SC) (%) | 57.5 ± 4.3 a | 22.5 ± 6.0 c | 35.0 ± 8.7 bc | 47.5 ± 7.5 ab | 0.018 |
| herb coverage (HC) (%) | 52.5 ± 10.5 b | 60.0 ± 4.1 b | 87.5 ± 2.5 a | 82.5 ± 4.8 a | 0.005 |
| dominant tree species |
Pinus koraiensis, Tilia amurensis and Populus cathayana |
P. koraiensis, T. amurensis and Abies nephrolepis |
A. nephrolepis, Betula ermanii, Picea jezoensis and Larix olgensis |
A. nephrolepis and L. olgensis |
/ |
Lowercase letters indicate significant difference for multiple comparisons using LSD. p-value of TH was obtained using Kruscal–Wallis test among the four elevations followed by the DUNN test for multiple comparisons.