Table 1.

Metabolically engineered strains of yeasts and filamentous fungi used for lactic acid production, 2013–2023. Genotypes, bioprocess efficiency parameters, buffering conditions, and carbon sources.

Isomer (L, D)	Host	LDH	Complementary Modifications	Buffering Conditions	Titer g/L	Productivity (g∙L−1∙h−1)	Yield (g/g)	Carbon Source	Ref.
L	Aspergillus oryzae	Bos taurus	Disruption of native LDH gene	3% CaCO3 pH 6.0	30			100 g/L of starch (dextrin or maltose)	[63]
L	A. oryzae	B. taurus		3% CaCO3	50.1	0.29	0.51	100 g/L glucose	[64]
L	A. oryzae	B. taurus	∆pdcA		56.4	0.33	0.58
L	A. oryzae	B. taurus	∆mpcA		65.4	0.45	0.67
L	A. oryzae	B. taurus	∆pcdA/mpcA		81.2	0.67	0.81
L	A. oryzae	Lactococcus lactis	∆pcdA/mpcA without BtLDH		90.1		0.91
L	Aspergillus niger	Mus musculus (11 copies)		Non-neutralized medium	7.7			60 g/L glucose	[65]
L	Candida glycerinogenes	Rhizopus oryzae	LDH gene from R. oryzae was expressed under pH-inducible promoter (PCggmt1)	pH 5.5	3.9			100 g/L glucose	[38]
				pH 2.5	12.3
L	Candida sonorensis	Rhizopus oryzae	pdc1Δ::RoLDH pdc2Δ	CaCO3	78		0.81	100 g/L glucose	[43]
L	C. sonorensis	Bacillus megaterium	pdc1Δ::BmLDH pdc2Δ		84		0.85
L	C. sonorensis	Lactobacillus helveticus	pdc1Δ::LhLDH pdc2Δ		92		0.94
L	Kluyveromyces marxianus KM5	Lactobacillus acidophilus and Staphylococcus epidermidis		Non-neutralized medium	16			50 g/L glucose	[28]
				3.5% CaCO3	24		0.48
L	K. marxianus KM5	L. acidophilus and B. taurus		Non-neutralized medium	14.8
				3.5% CaCO3	21.2
L	K. marxianus BY25571	Lactiplantibacillus plantarum	∆pdc1	Non-neutralized medium	10.5		0.65	100 g/L glucose	[66]
D	K. marxianus BY25571	L. plantarum	∆pdc1		8.9		0.66
L	K. marxianus BY25571	L. plantarum	∆pdc1	3% CaCO3	46.3		0.80
D	K. marxianus BY25571	L. plantarum	∆pdc1		40.0		0.78
L	K. marxianus BY25571	L. plantarum	∆pdc1 and ∆cyb2	NaOH pH 6	130	2	0.98	230 g/L Jerusalem artichoke
D	K. marxianus BY25571	L. plantarum	∆pdc1 and ∆dld1		122	2	0.95
L	K. marxianus YKX001	B. megaterium		NaOH pH 5.5	47.37	0.99	0.5	80 g/L glucose and 20 g/L xylose	[9]
L	K. marxianus YKX001	Plasmodium falciparum			50	1.04	0.55
L	K. marxianus YKX001	P. falciparum and B. megaterium	Expression of Jen1 from S. cerevisiae, overexpression of native PFK, and ∆dld1		103	1.44		180 g/L corncob residue
L	Komagataellla phaffii GLJ	B. taurus	Expression of Jen1 from S. cerevisiae	NH4OH pH 5	20	0.41	0.47	40 g/L glycerol	[22]
L	K. phaffii GLS	B. taurus	Overexpression of native Jen1		~28	0.67	0.67	40 g/L glycerol
L	K. phaffii GLp	B. taurus	∆pdc1		30	0.15	0.65	80 g/L glycerol
L	K. phaffii GLpard	B. taurus	∆pdc1 and ∆ardh		30		0.85	60 g/L glycerol	[39]
L	K. phaffii GLpm	B. taurus	∆pdc1 and ∆mpc1		10.25	0.15	0.27	40 g/L glycerol	[40]
D	K. phaffii	Leuconostoc mesenteroides (4 copies)			3.48	0.04	0.22	Methanol
L	K. phaffii	L. plantarum	Parental strain harbors peroxisomal a CO2-fixation pathway. ∆cyb2	2M NaOH	0.2		0.85 mg/g/h	CO2	[67]
L	O. polymorpha NCYC495 leu1.1	L. helveticus	PMOX-driven LDH expression, nitrogen source optimization, and adaptive evolution		3.8	0.03	0.08	Methanol	[68]
D	Pichia kudriavzevii NG7	L. plantarum	∆pdc1 and adaptive evolution (6% LA)	pH 3.6	135	3.66	0.75	100 g/L glucose	[69]
				pH 4.7	154	4.16	0.72
L	P. kudriavzevii E1	Weizmannia coagulans 2–6 and B. taurus	∆pdc1 and ∆dld	Non-neutralized medium	74.57		0.93	Glucose	[70]
L	Saccharomyces cerevisiae SP4	Pediococcus sinensis (3 copies)	∆pdc1, ∆cyb2, ∆gpd1, ∆nde1		26.6		0.34	80 g/L glucose	[30]
L	S. cerevisiae SP5	P. sinensis (4 copies)	∆pdc1, ∆cyb2, ∆gpd1, ∆trp1, ∆nde1		35.8		0.46
L	S. cerevisiae SP6	P. sinensis (4 copies)	∆pdc1, ∆cyb2, ∆gpd1, ∆trp1, ∆nde1/nde2		36.4		0.46
L	S. cerevisiae SP7	P. sinensis (5 copies)	∆pdc1, ∆cyb2, ∆gpd1, ∆trp1, ∆nde1/nde2		37.8		0.48
				Ca(OH)2 pH 3.5	117		0.58	Fed-batch glucose
L	S. cerevisiae EJ4L	R. oryzae	cdt-1, gh1-1, XYL1, XYL2, XYL3; ∆ald6, ∆pho13	NaOH pH 6	83	0.42	0.66	10 g/L glucose 40 g/L xylose 80 g/L cellobiose	[71]
				35 g/L CaCO3	23.77	0.58	0.17	41 g/L lactose	[72]
L	S. cerevisiae SP1130	B. taurus and P. sinensis japonica	∆pdc1, ∆cyb2, ∆gpd1, ∆adh1 Expression of mhpF and eutE from E. coli	Ca(OH)2 pH 4.7	142	3.55	0.89	Fed-batch glucose	[60]
D	S. cerevisiae JHY5330	L. mesenteroides subsp. Mesenteroides	∆pdc1, ∆adh1, ∆gpd1/2, ∆dld1, ∆jen1. Overexpression of HAA1	Non-neutralized medium	48.9	0.41	0.79	70 g/L glucose	[73]
				CaCO3	112	2.20	0.80	Fed-batch glucose
D	S. cerevisiae JHY5730	L. mesenteroides	∆adh1-5, ∆gpd1/2, ∆dld1, ∆pdc1, and adaptative evolution (4% LA).	NaOH pH 3.5	82.6	1.50	0.83	Fed-batch glucose	[17]
L	S. cerevisiae IBB14LA1_5	P. falciparum	Integration of XR, XDH and XK genes and ∆pdc1.	Non-neutralized medium	2.6	0.04	0.18	xylose	[74]
D	S. cerevisiae YIP-J-C-D-A1	Escherichia coli (3 copies inserted in transposon locus Ty1)	∆pcd1/6, ∆adh1, ∆dld1, ∆cyb2, and ∆Jen1.	Ca(OH)2	80	1.10	0.60	Fed-batch glucose	[75]
D	S. cerevisiae YIP-I-J-C-D-A1	E. coli (3 copies)	YIP-J-C-D-A1 plus expression of IoGAS1.	Non-neutralized medium	85.3	1.20	0.71	Fed-batch glucose	[76]
D	S. cerevisiae YIP-A15G12		YIP-I-J-C-D-A1 ∆adh5 ∆gpd2 ∆gpd1 ∆adh3 ∆adh4		92.0	1.21	0.70
L	S. cerevisiae SR8L	L. acidophilus	XYL1, XYL2, XYL3; ∆ald6, ∆pho13	CaCO3	13.4		0.67	20 g/L xylose	[77]
					11.2		0.11	Acid-treated spent coffee grounds
L	S. cerevisiae BK01	L. acidophilus	Adaptative evolution (8% LA)	Non-neutralized medium	119		0.72	200 g/L glucose	[78]
L	S. cerevisiae PK27	Lactobacillus lactis, Rhizopus oryzae	Adaptative evolution (7% LA)	Non-neutralized medium	37.94	0.66	0.37	80 g/L glucose	[55]
L	S. cerevisiae NO.2-100	L. casei, R. oryzae, and B. taurus	∆pdc1,5,6 and ∆adh1. Expression of ALD from E. coli and overexpression of Jen1. Adaptative evolution (6% LA)	50 g/L CaCO3	121.5	1.69	0.81	90 g/L glucose	[48]