Table 1. Baseline socio-demographic data of study population.
| Parameters | (N = 318, %) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 49.13 ± 9.422 |
| Gender | |
| Male | 170 (53.5) |
| Female | 148 (46.5) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Malay | 238 (74.8) |
| Chinese | 51 (16.0) |
| Indian | 23 (7.2) |
| Others | 6 (1.9) |
| Body mass index, n (%) | |
| Underweight <18.5 kg/m2 | 14 (4.4) |
| Normal 18.5–22.99 kg/m2 | 47 (14.8) |
| Overweight 23.0–27.5 kg/m2 | 81 (25.5) |
| Obese ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 | 176 (55.3) |
| Primary Renal Disease | |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 213 (67.0) |
| Hypertension | 36 (11.3) |
| Glomerulonephritis | 28 (8.8) |
| Obstructive Uropathy | 14 (4.4) |
| Analgesic Nephropathy | 2 (0.6) |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease | 3 (0.9) |
| Congenital and Hereditary | 3 (0.9) |
| Autoimmune | 7 (2.2) |
| Unknown | 12 (3.8) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Hypertension | 295 (92.8) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 227 (71.4) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 279 (87.7) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 68 (21.4) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 262 (82.4) |
| Single | 37 (11.6) |
| Divorced/Separated/Widow | 19 (6.0) |
| Education level | |
| Primary level | 13 (4.1) |
| Secondary level | 170 (56.3) |
| Tertiary level | 126 (39.6) |
| Employment status | |
| Employed | 159 (50.0) |
| Unemployed | 159 (50.0) |
| Type of employment | |
| Full time | 140 (46.9) |
| Part time | 6 (1.9) |
| Self employed | 4 (1.3) |
| Employment sector | |
| Private | 169 (53.1) |
| Government | 93 (29.2) |
| Income (Ringgit Malaysia) | 2193.87 ± 2459.19 |
| Household income | 4669.50 ± 3034.75 |
| Income category | |
| B40 | 174 (54.7) |
| M40 | 125 (39.3) |
| T20 | 19 (6.0) |
Continuous values are presented as mean ± standard deviation for normally distributed data and median (25th percentile; 75th percentile) for non-normally distributed data.