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. 2024 Mar 21;25(6):3562. doi: 10.3390/ijms25063562

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Therapeutic applications of MSC-exos in cancer treatment. The applications of MSC-exos for cancer can be broadly divided into 3 categories: to enhance chemosensitivity, to deliver drugs, and as a direct therapeutic agent via its miRNA cargo. Upward green arrow indicate positive modulation. Downward red arrows indicate negative modulation. MSC-exos: mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes; miR: micro-RNA; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; Cho: cholesterol-modified; RHPN2: rhophilin Rho GTPase binding protein 2; TRIM59: tripartite motif containing 59. Green arrows indicate the modulation of the respective pathways.