SC	stem cells
MSCs	mesenchymal stem cells
Sc-exos	stem cell-derived exosomes
EVs	extracellular vesicles
CSF	cerebrospinal fluid
DM	diabetes mellitus
hESCs	human embryonic stem cells
iPSCs	induced pluripotent stem cells
TGF-ß	transforming growth factor beta
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
IL	interleukin
CCL7	chemokine ligand 7
CxCL2	chemokine ligand 2
miRNA, miR	microRNA
ncRNA	non-coding RNA
ESE	endosomes
CME	clathrin-mediated endocytosis
ClE	clathrin-independent endocytosis
ARF6	ADP-ribosylation factor 6
CLIC	clathrin-independent carriers
GEEC	glycosylphosphatidylinositol-enriched endocytic compartment
LSE	late-sorting endosome
GDP	guanosine diphosphate
ILVS	intraluminal vesicles
MVBs	multivesicular bodies
ESCRT	endosomal sorting complex required for transport
S1P	sphingosine 1 phosphate
EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor
mRNA	messenger RNAs
CRC	colorectal cancer
CEA	carcinoembryonic antigen
CA19-9	cancer antigen 19-9
sEV	small EVs
NSCLC	non-small-cell lung cancer
NSCLC-sEVs	NSCLC-derived sEVs
SCLC	smallcell lung cancer
GPI	glycosylphosphatidylinositol
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
PLC	phospholipase C
ADSCs	Adipose-derived stem cells
TEM	Transmission Electron Microscopy
ADSC-exos	ADSC-derived exosomes
ACER2	alkaline ceramidase 2
HUVECs	human umbilical vein endothelial cells
BMSCs	bone marrow-derived stem cells
NTA	nanoparticle tracking analysis
BMSC-exos	BMSC-derived exosomes
HFMSCs	Hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells
HFMSC-exos	HFMSC-derived exosomes
TFs	transcription factors
LV	left ventricular
HDAC1	histone deacetylase 1
HIF	hypoxia inducible factor
NSCs	neural stem cells
SVZ	subventricular zone
NSC-exos	NSC-derived exosomes
OPCs	oligodendrocyte precursor cells
PSA	Prostate-Specific Antigen
CSCs	Cancer stem cells
CSC-exos	CSC-derived exosomes
ECSCs	esophageal carcinoma stem cell
LCSCs	lung cancer stem cells
T1DM	type 1 diabetes mellitus
Tregs	regulatory T cells
IR	insulin resistance
PBMCs	peripheral blood mononuclear cells
ET-1	endothelin 1
DR	diabetic retinopathy
PCOS	polycystic ovarian syndrome
IBD	inflammatory bowel disease
Lgr5	leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5
ERK	extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
Mecp2	methyl CpG binding protein-2
PDGF	platelet-derived growth factor
EPCs	endothelial progenitor cells
SIRT1	sirtuin-1
CXCL12	CXC chemokine-12
Nrf2	nuclear factor E2 related factor 2
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
TRAIL	tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
TRIM59	tripartite motif 5
RHPN2	rhophilin Rho GTPase binding protein 2
SEM	scanning electron microscopy
DLS	dynamic light scattering
LC-MS-MS	liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy
2DGE	two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
RT-qPCR	reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction
FM	fluorescent microscopy
CKD	chronic kidney disease
AIS	acute ischemic stroke
AF4	asymmetric flow field flow fractionation