Table 3.

Clinical Trials for Exosomes of Various Stem Cell Sources.

Condition Treated	Phase	Patient Group	Type of MSC-Exos	Dosage	Administration Method	Main Outcomes	Trial Reference
CKD Stage 3 and 4	Phase II/III	Stage 3 and 4 CKD patients	HUCMSC-Exos	100 mcg/kg weekly for two weeks	Intravenous and intra-arterial	Improvement in glomerular filtration rate, reduction in blood creatinine and urea levels	[208]
Skin hyperpigmentation	Not specified	Individuals with hyperpigmentation	ADSC-Exos	0.2 g of ADSC-exos twice a day for 8 weeks	Local	Short-term improvement in hyperpigmentation through reduction in melanin; however, followed by relapses	[207]
AIS	Phase I/II	AIS patients	miR-124-transfected MSC-Exos	Not specified	Intraparenchymal or stereotaxis	Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events and improvement based on the modified Rankin Scale; evaluation of AIS patient disability.	[210]
Mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s, dementia	Phase I/II	Patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s based on NIA/Aa	Adipose Tissue-Derived Exosomes	Low dose (5 mcg); Medium dose (10 mcg); High dose (20 mcg) twice a week	Nasal drip	Number of participants with abnormal laboratory values and adverse events by CTCAE v4.0 at 12 weeks. Cognitive function, quality of life evaluation, MRI neuroimaging, PET-CT neuroimaging, and changes in AD biomarkers are secondary outcomes.	[211,212]
COVID-19	Phase I	PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients	MSC-exos	5 inhalation doses over 5 days	Inhalation	Adverse reaction and severe adverse reaction up to 28 days.	[207,213]