Figure 5.

Impact of aerobic exercise on the proteomic analysis of soleus muscle. (a) Proteomics data illustrated by a volcano plot. The x-axis and y-axis represent the ${\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}}_2$(FC) and ${-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}}_{10}$(p-value) of the protein levels, respectively. Red and blue circles represent significant upregulated and downregulated proteins, respectively. Grey circles indicate no differences in protein levels. The cutoff value of ${-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}}_{10}$(p-value), set as 1.3, is represented by a horizontal dotted line (grey color). Fold changes in DEPs greater than ±1.1 (${\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}}_2$(FC) > 0.14 or <0.14) were considered as increased or decreased expression. The bar graphs show canonical pathways (b) and pathological biofunctions (c) modulated by DEPs in the soleus muscle of the ET group compared to the SED group. The canonical pathways minimum threshold of ${-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}}_{10}$(p-value) was set as more than or equal to 1.3 (red bold font indicates upregulated DEPs and green bold font indicates downregulated DEPs). Functional enrichment analysis of upregulated DEPs (d) and downregulated DEPs (e) in the soleus muscle of ET mice including KEGG pathways and gene ontology (GO) analysis, including BP, CC, and MF. BP—biological processes, CC—cellular component, DEPs—differentially expressed proteins, ET—mouse group (n = 4) that was subjected to a six-week aerobic exercise intervention, FC—fold change, GO—gene ontology, KEG—Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, MF—molecular function, and SED—sedentary control group (n = 4).