Table 1.

Comparison between next-generation probiotics and traditional probiotics.

	Next Generation Probiotics	Traditional Probiotics
Origin	Derived from next-generation microorganisms that have been recently isolated using advanced tools and techniques	Long history of use and are derived from a limited number of species, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
Development	Developed based on comparative analysis of microbiota compositions between healthy and diseased individuals	Developed through a top-down screening strategy, which involves screening microbes enriched in healthy individuals compared to those in diseased individuals
Safety	Their safety is not yet proven as they are relatively new and have not been used for as long as traditional probiotics	A long history of safe use in humans
Applications	Primarily used to treat or cure disease conditions	Mainly used as food ingredients or supplements.
Regulation	Considered to be live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) or drugs, which are subject to pharmaceutical clinical trials and research on their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics	They are not subject to the same level of regulation
Strain specificity	Their health-promoting features are more closely tied to specific strains rather than entire species	They are species-specific