Table 4.

Available formal assessment tools and suggested prompting questions related to specific lifestyle domains^a

Domain	Formal assessment tools	Example prompting questions as part of clinical assessment
Physical Activity	• SIMPAQ (Rosenbaum and Ward 2016)  • Digital devices (e.g., Smart devices) and step counters	“How many minutes/hours of physical activity do you do a day?” “Which days, when and why?” “What form of physical activity do you do and enjoy?” “Are you sedentary for prolonged periods during the day?”
Diet	• Food Frequency Questionnaires  • 24-hour recall  • 3–7-day food diary e.g., 2 workdays/1 weekend day  • Digital tools: DietID, chronometer For more complex dietary assessment considerations please see resources section	“Can you tell me about the last meal you ate?” “What do you usually eat for breakfast, lunch and dinner?” “Where and when do you usually eat your main meals?” “What snacks do you eat and when?” “What do you usually drink throughout the day?”
Sleep	General sleep assessments  • Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Johns 1991)  • Sleep Hygiene Index(Mastin et al. 2006)  • Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (Horne and Östberg 1976)  • Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(Buysse et al. 1989)  • SLEEP-50(Spoormaker et al. 2005)  • Sleep diary or use of wearable  • Polysomnography Others depending on specific sleep disorder:  • STOP BANG(Chung F et al. 2016)  • Insomnia Severity Index(Bastien et al. 2001)  • International Restless Legs Scale(Group IRLSS 2003)	“How many hours do you usually sleep per night?” “Tell me about what you usually do before going to bed” “How would you rate the quality of your sleep?” “How refreshed do you feel from your sleep?” “Do you nap during the day? If so, for what reason?”
Smoking cessation	• Heaviness of smoking index (Borland et al. 2010)  • Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence(Heatherton et al. 1991)	“How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?” “How long from waking until your first cigarette?” “Where and when do you smoke?” “What age did you start smoking?” “Have you tried to quit before?” “What are the benefits of smoking? What do you “get” from smoking?” “What are the cons?”
Alcohol	• The AUDIT-C(Bush et al. 1998)  • The Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire(Stockwell et al. 1983)	“How many alcoholic drinks do you consume on an average day?” “When?” (This must be specified between weekdays and weekends as hazardous “binge” drinking isolated to weekends may be present) “What have been the positive and negative consequences of drinking?”
Other drugs	• ASSIST tool(Group WAW 2002)  • Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (Raistrick et al. 1994)  • Severity Dependence Scale(Gossop et al. 1995)	“What substances do you use?” “What are the benefits of them? What do you “get” from them?” “What are the cons?”
Gambling	• Problem Gambling Severity Index(Holtgraves 2009)  • Canadian Problem Gambling Index(Ferris and Wynne 2001)	“Do you or anyone in your family have an issue with gambling?” “What are the benefits?” “What are the cons?” “What has the (biopsychosocial-cultural-spiritual) impact been?”
Work-directed interventions	• Workplace Stressors Assessment Questionnaire b (Mahmood et al. 2010)  • Work Environment Subscales of the Work Health Check questionnaire b (Gadinger et al. 2012)	“Do you currently work or volunteer?” “What are the (biopsychosocial) benefits?”
Social support and loneliness c	• LSNS-6 tool(Lubben et al. 2006)  • UCLA Loneliness scale(Russell 1996)  • Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al. 1988)	“How often do you see friends and/or family?” “Who can you count on to listen to you when you need to talk?” “What are the benefits and barriers of connecting with your friends and/or family?” “Could you tell me about your use of social media?” “With social media, do you feel a compulsion to engage, engage without realizing, use in bed and/or use quickly on waking?”
Green space	-	“How much time do you spend in a green or blue space in a week?” “What green and blue spaces are safe and accessible for you?” “How do you feel after spending time outdoors?”
Stress	• Brief Resilience Scale (Smith BW et al. 2008)  • Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor and Davidson 2003)  • Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen S et al. 1983)  • Depression Anxiety Stress Scale(Lovibond and Lovibond 1995)	“What are the sources of stress in your life?” “What impact do you think these are having on you?” “How do you reduce and manage stress?” “What helps you reduce, buffer against or manage stress?”
Resilience	• Resilience Scale (Wagnild 2009)  • Predictive 6-Factor Resilience Scale(Rossouw and Rossouw 2016)	“How do you adapt and cope with adversities in life? “How do you rate your ability to bounce back and stay motivated during adversities?” “What lifestyle and social supports do you have in life to help you in difficult times?” “What mental and physical wellbeing practices do you use in times of adversity?” “Does a sense of vision and purpose help you in times of adversity?”
Social needs	• The American Academy of Family Physicians Social Needs Screening Tool(O'Gurek and Henke 2018)

^aThis table can serve as a non-exhaustive resource for previously used tools and proposed questions. Clinical guidance is required to inform the use of any particular assessment tool.

^bIn line with previous guidelines (Mazza et al. 2019), these tools are not recommended to be used as standalone tools but may be incorporated into a clinical assessment.

^cFurther discussion regarding relevant assessment tools are provided by Ma et al.(Ma et al. 2020)