Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics, Outcomes, and Fertility: Original Participants of Perry and $ABC$

	Perry			$ABC$
	Control Mean	Mean Difference (MD)	MD p-value	Control Mean	Mean Difference (MD)	MD p-value
Panel a. Baseline
IQ (Perry) or Mother’s IQ ( $ABC$ )	78.54	1.03	0.387	83.49	1.83	0.399
Socioeconomic Index	8.62	0.17	0.530	21.82	−1.93	0.089
Mother Does not Work^¶	0.69	0.22	0.002	0.39	−0.22	0.010
Mother’s Year of Birth	1959.97	0.03	0.950	1974.35	−0.15	0.674

Panel b. Midlife Skills ^†
Cognitive	0.00	0.48	0.005	0.00	0.34	0.031
Non-Cognitive	0.00	0.50	0.011	0.00	0.47	0.031

Panel c. Midlife Education ^‡
High-School Graduate	0.52	0.20	0.021	0.53	0.20	0.025
College Graduate	0.05	0.02	0.453	0.09	0.21	0.007

Panel d. Midlife Outcomes ^*
Married	0.25	0.09	0.082	0.42	0.01	0.486
Labor Income (2021 USD)	16,298.91	7,826.94	0.018	37,527.95	13,044.70	0.098
Household Labor Income (2021 USD)	25,121.43	13,243.21	0.007	37,247.62	14,632.67	0.071
Accumulated Days (Perry) or Times ( $ABC$ ) in Jail or Prison	1,326.71	−380.83	0.237	0.14	−0.12	0.027
Never Arrested (Perry) or Accumulated Arrests ( $ABC$ )	0.46	0.18	0.039	0.61	0.26	0.151
Physical Health	0.00	−0.02	0.553	0.00	0.28	0.096
Mental Health	0.00	0.31	0.072	0.00	0.20	0.111

Panel e. Midlife Fertility ^†
Any Children	0.80	−0.01	0.878	0.89	−0.03	0.748
Age at Onset	22.63	0.87	0.469	21.93	2.23	0.122
Number of Children	2.42	0.15	0.727	2.31	−0.19	0.524
> 5 Children	0.07	0.02	0.727	0.00	0.02	0.928

Panel f. Sample Sizes
Original Participants at Baseline	65	−7		57	2
Original Participants at Midlife Follow-up	50	2		45	6

Note: Panels a. and e. present the control-group mean and treatment-control mean difference for the outcome in the label for the Perry Preschool (Perry) and Carolina Abecedarian ( $ABC$ ) projects. For each treatment-control mean difference (MD), we present the permutation p-value associated with the null hypothesis that such mean difference is equal to 0. We bold p-values when they are less than 0.10. Panels b. to d. are analogous in format to Panels a. and e. The null hypothesis in these latter panels is that the mean difference is less than or equal to 0.

^¶

The difference between treatment-group mothers in $ABC$ and Perry is that $ABC$ provided full-day childcare and Perry did not.

^†

Based on identical variables observed at age 54 for Perry and 45 for $ABC$ .

^‡

Based on identical variables of completed years of education for both Perry and $ABC$ .

For Perry, marriage is the fraction of years married between ages 20 and 40; labor income is the average earnings from labor income between ages 20 and 40; household labor income is the previous variable in addition to average spouse’s labor income between ages 20 and 40 (if married); accumulated days in prison and never arrested are observed up to age 54. For $ABC$ , marriage is an indicator of whether an individual is married at age 45; labor income is measured at age 45; household income is the previous variable in addition to spouse’s labor income at age 45 (if married); times in jail and accumulated arrests are measured at age 30. For Perry, physical health is a latent variable of measures describing prevalence and intensity of diabetes, stroke, heart disease, self-rated health, body-mass index, and waste-to-hip ratio at age 54. For $ABC$ , an analogous variable is constructed using information at age 34. For Perry, mental health is a latent variable of measures describing depression and anti-social behavior at age 54. For $ABC$ , an analogous variable is constructed using information at age 45.