TABLE 3.
Pooled subgroup analyses for risk1 of cardiovascular events according to 1 serving increment in sugar-sweetened or artificially sweetened beverage intake per day2 in 2 large United States cohorts
| Cardiovascular disease |
Coronary artery disease |
Stroke |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p-value for interaction | Pooled Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p-value for interaction | Pooled Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p-value for interaction | |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | ||||||
| Age (y) | ||||||
| <65 | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) | 0.05 | 1.21 (1.10, 1.34) | 0.04 | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | 0.94 |
| ≥65 | 1.12 (1.05, 1.20) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.21) | 1.14 (1.03, 1.26) | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <25 | 1.20 (1.12, 1.28) | 0.76 | 1.24 (1.14, 1.35) | 0.45 | 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) | 0.69 |
| ≥25 | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) | |||
| Physical activity, meet United States guidelines | ||||||
| No (<150 min/wk MVPA) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.20) | 0.14 | 1.12 (1.03, 1.23) | 0.07 | 1.09 (0.97, 1.24) | 0.63 |
| Yes (≥150 min/wk MVPA) | 1.18 (1.10, 1.26) | 1.22 (1.12, 1.32) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | |||
| Television watching (h/wk) | ||||||
| <8 | 1.18 (1.08, 1.29) | 0.45 | 1.22 (1.10, 1.36) | 0.59 | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | 0.75 |
| 8–15.5 | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) | 1.13 (0.93, 1.37) | |||
| ≥15.5 | 1.15 (1.07, 1.24) | 1.18 (1.07, 1.29) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.26) | |||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) | 0.01 | 1.16 (1.06, 1.28) | 0.08 | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) | 0.10 |
| Former/current | 1.20 (1.13, 1.29) | 1.21 (1.12, 1.31) | 1.19 (1.06, 1.33) | |||
| Family history of myocardial infarction | ||||||
| No | 1.17 (1.09, 1.25) | 0.89 | 1.19 (1.10, 1.29) | 0.98 | 1.13 (1.02, 1.26) | 0.69 |
| Yes | 1.11 (1.03, 1.20) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.22) | |||
| Calories per day (kcal) | ||||||
| <Median | 1.19 (1.10, 1.29) | 0.17 | 1.17 (1.06, 1.29) | 0.67 | 1.24 (1.09, 1.41) | 0.06 |
| ≥Median | 1.09 (1.02, 1.16) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | |||
| AHEI | ||||||
| <Median | 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) | 0.26 | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) | 0.02 | 1.15 (1.03, 1.28) | 0.34 |
| ≥Median | 1.20 (1.11, 1.30) | 1.30 (1.18, 1.43) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | |||
| Artificially sweetened beverages | ||||||
| Age (y) | ||||||
| <65 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.52 | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.16 | 1.08 (0.99, 1.19) | 0.07 |
| ≥65 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <25 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | 0.72 | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.46 | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) | 0.25 |
| ≥25 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | |||
| Physical activity, meet United States guidelines | ||||||
| No (<150 min/wk MVPA) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 0.70 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 0.60 | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) | 0.88 |
| Yes (≥150 min/wk MVPA) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | |||
| Television watching (h/wk) | ||||||
| <8 | 1.09 (1.04, 1.15) | 0.01 | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) | 0.004 | 1.08 (1.00, 1.18) | 0.62 |
| 8–15.5 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | |||
| ≥15.5 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | |||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) | 0.0004 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.002 | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 0.10 |
| Former/current | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | |||
| Family history of myocardial infarction | ||||||
| No | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 0.96 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.00 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) | 0.98 |
| Yes | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | |||
| Calories per day (kcal) | ||||||
| <Median | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 0.21 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.10) | 0.10 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) | 0.75 |
| ≥Median | 1.01 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | |||
| AHEI | ||||||
| <Median | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.97 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 0.99 | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 0.84 |
| ≥Median | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.07) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | |||
Total sample size, n = 105,148 (Health Professionals Follow-up Study, n = 39,418; Nurses’ Health Study, n = 65,730). Sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol intake were removed from the AHEI calculation.
Abbreviations: AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; MVPA, moderate–vigorous physical activity.
HRs and 95% CI derived from the multivariable model adjusted for age; race; ethnicity; physical activity (excluded in the physical activity as main exposure models); smoking status; alcohol intake; multivitamin use; in women, postmenopausal status and menopausal hormone use; family history of myocardial infarction; baseline hypertension; baseline hypercholesterolemia; calorie intake; body mass index; and AHEI.
One serving of sugar-sweetened or artificially sweetened beverage. HRs for 1 serving increment of sugar-sweetened or artificially sweetened beverage intake per day in each subgroup category.