TABLE 2.
Food-stimulated GLP-1 response (MMTT/ challenge meals)
| Author, (y), n | GLP-1 assay | Test meal (Duration, nutrient composition) | Participant characteristics | GLP-1 values (pmol/L) at time points (min) |
TTP (min) | Δ Peak (pmol/L) | GLP-1 AUC/iAUC | Results | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 15 | 30 | 45 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | |||||||||
| Solid meals | |||||||||||||||||
| Rask et al. 2001 [57] n = 33 males |
RIA1 | Western-styled breakfast (10 min) (424 kcal, 49% CH, 38% F, 13% P) |
High IS (HIS, n = 11, BMI:: 23.9 kg/m2) | 11 | 19 | 17 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 8 | 45 min: 771 (pmol/L∗min)# |
- ↔ fasting levels, total AUC, iAUC - ↓ 15min values in LIS compared with HIS - ↓ overall and early GLP-1 response (AUC) in LIS compared with HIS |
||
| Medium IS (MIS, n = 11, BMI:: 26.4 kg/m2) | 8 | 13 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 30 | 8 | n.a. | ||||||
| Low IS (LIS, n = 11, BMI:: 30.4 kg/m2) | 6 | 8 | 14 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 30 | 8 | 45 min: 482 (pmol/L∗min)# |
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| Toft-Nielsen et al. 2001 [38] n = 102 | RIA1 | Western-styled breakfast (10-15 min) (537 kcal, 41% CH, 42% F, 17% P) |
NGT (n = 33, BMI:: 29.6 kg/m2) | 5 | 14 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 11 | 60 80 | 13 | 240 min: AUC: 3101 iAUC: 1927 (pmol/L∗min)# |
- ↓ AUC and iAUC in T2DM compared with NGT (and IGT upon ANOVA correcting for BMI: and sex) - ↑ fasting values in T2DM compared with NGT; ↔ upon ANOVA |
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| IGT (n = 15, BMI:: 35 kg/m2) | 5 | 13 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 60 | 11 | 240 min: AUC: 2765 iAUC: 1587 (pmol/L∗min)# |
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| T2DM (n = 54, BMI:: 30.2 kg/m2) | 7 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 60 | 7 | 240 min: AUC: 2482 iAUC: 907 (pmol/L∗min)# |
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| Vilsbøll et al. 2003 [56] n = 24 | RIA1 | Western-styled breakfast (10 min) (48% CH, 33% F, 19% P) Small (S) (260 kcal) Large (L) (520 kcal) |
NGT-NW (n = 8, BMI:: 22.5 kg/m2) | S | 14 | 23 | 31 | 30 | 31 | 25 | 21 | 18 | 17 | 60 | 17 | 180 min: 3336 (pmol/L∗ min)# | - ↓ AUC, iAUC in T2DM compared with matched NGT (small and large meal) - ↓ late phase values in T2DM compared with matched NGT (small meal) |
| L | 18 | 21 | 35 | 31 | 30 | 33 | 30 | 28 | 25 | 30 | 17 | 180 min: 4197 (pmol/L∗ min)# | |||||
| NGT-OW (n = 8, BMI:: 32.5 kg/m2) | S | 17 | 26 | 36 | 33 | 34 | 33 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 30 | 19 | 180 min: 4301 (pmol/L∗ min)# | ||||
| L | 17 | 29 | 42 | 40 | 40 | 37 | 36 | 32 | 29 | 30 | 25 | 180 min: 5030 (pmol/L∗ min)# | |||||
| T2DM (n = 8, BMI:: 32.1 kg/m2) | S | 18 | 19 | 29 | 30 | 27 | 20 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 45 | 12 | 180 min: (pmol/L∗ min)# | ||||
| L | 18 | 19 | 31 | 32 | 34 | 33 | 30 | 23 | 20 | 60 | 16 | 180 min: 4008 (pmol/L∗ min)# | |||||
| Ryskjær et al. 2006 [58] n = 16 |
RIA1 | Western-styled breakfast (15 min) (566 kcal, 47% CH, 34% F, 19% P) |
NGT (n = 8, BMI:: 30.9 kg/m2) | 20 | 21 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 31 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 90 | 11 | 180 min: AUC: 4877 iAUC: 1296 (pmol/L∗ min)#: |
↔ AUC, iAUC | |
| T2DM (n = 8, BMI:: 33 kg/m2) | 23 | 27 | 38 | 39 | 34 | 35 | 33 | 31 | 33 | 45 | 16 | 180 min: AUC: 5950 iAUC: 1735 (pmol/L∗ min)# |
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| Vollmer et al. 2008 [49] n = 48 |
RIA1 | Western-styled breakfast (15 min) (820 kcal, 44% CH, 43% F, 13% P) |
NGT (n = 14, BMI:: 27.5 kg/m2) | 14 | 24 | 30 | 33 | 31 | 34 | 29 | 150 | 20 | n.a. | ↔ | |||
| IGT (n = 17, BMI: 29.5 kg/m2) | 19 | 35 | 38 | 41 | 34 | 36 | 37 | 90 | 22 | ||||||||
| T2DM (n = 17, BMI:: 32.1 kg/m2) | 14 | 37 | 33 | 37 | 31 | 34 | 29 | 30 90 | 23 | ||||||||
| Alssema et al. 2013 [44] n = 203 |
RIA1 | Western-styled breakfast (n.a.) (833 kcal, 36% CH, 52% F, 12% P) |
NGT (n = 163, BMI: 26.7 kg/m2) | 11 | 14 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 17 | 120 | 9 | AUC: 17 iAUC: 5.8 (pmol/L per hour) | - ↓GLP-1 response in T2DM compared with NGT/IGT - ↔ AUC - ↓ iAUC in T2DM compared with NGT/ IGT - no differences between NGT/ IGT |
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| IGT (n = 20, BMI:: 28.5 kg/m2) | 13 | 15 | 21 | 18 | 22 | 22 | 18 | 90 120 | 9 | AUC: 20 iAUC: 5.5 (pmol/L per hour) | |||||||
| T2DM (n = 20, BMI:: 33.1 kg/m2) | 16 | 18 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 30 | 6 | AUC: 20 iAUC: 3 (pmol/L per hour) | |||||||
| Solid + liquid meals | |||||||||||||||||
| Ruetten et al. 2018 [55] n = 62 |
RIA (Merck Millipore)2 | Test meal (10 Min) 237ml Boost (Nestlé) + 1 PowerBar (Nestlé) (470 kcal, 66% CH, 18% F, 16% P) |
NGT (n = 23, BMI:: 31.5 kg/m2) | 5 | 13 | 8 | 9 | 30 | 8 | 120 min: iAUC: 512 (pmol∗min/mL) | -↑ fasting values in T2DM compared with NGT/ IGT -↑ iAUC in T2DM compared with NGT/ IGT |
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| IGT (n = 17, BMI:: 35 kg/m2) | 5 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 30 | 5 | 120 min: iAUC: 384 (pmol∗min/mL) | ||||||||||
| T2DM (n = 22, BMI:: 32.8 kg/m2) | 9 | 20 | 17 | 12 | 30 | 11 | 120 min: iAUC: 785 (pmol∗min/mL) | ||||||||||
GLP-1 concentrations for selected time points of blood sampling, time-to-peak as well as peak (peak concentration – fasting concentration) and —if available—AUC or iAUC values are listed. Under “results” only significant results are listed. Time point 0 describes fasting concentrations, time points >0 are reporting postprandial concentrations. Under “results” only significant results are listed.
#original data, ↑ higher GLP-1 secretion in comparison to referred groups, ↓ lower GLP-1 secretion in comparison to referred groups, ↔ no differences of GLP-1 secretion between groups.
Supplemental Table 3 shows GLP-1 values for all measured time points. Details on GLP-1 assays as stated in the publications or according to manufacturer instructions:
Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; CH, carbohydrate; CV, coefficient of variation; F, fat; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HIS, high insulin sensitivity; iAUC: incremental area under the curve; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; IS, insulin sensitivity; L, large; LIS, low insulin sensitivity; LOD, limit of detection; MIS, medium insulin sensitivity; MMTT, mixed meal tolerance test; n.a., not available; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; NW, normal weight; OW, overweight; P, protein; RIA, radioimmunoassay; S, small; TTP, time-to-peak; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
RIA [standardized assay (41)], polyclonal antiserum no. 89390, LOD: 1 pM, intra-assay CV: 6%, specificity: 100% for GLP-1 (7–36) 89% for GLP-1 (9–36);
RIA (Merck Millipore), sensitivity: 3 pM, specificity: 100% for GLP-1 (7–36) and GLP-1 (9–36), intra-assay CV: 22–36%, inter-assay CV: 10–23%.