Table 2.
Association of individual metabolites with HIV infection among PWH on long-term ART and immunologically recovered compared to healthy controls.
| Feature | Technology | Mass | RT (min) | aAMR | IC2.5 | IC97.5 | p | q | Identification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oleic acid | GC-MS | 339 | 20.43 | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.93 | 0.024 | 0.310 | Oleic acid |
| Palmitic acid | GC-MS | 313 | 18.84 | 0.71 | 0.53 | 0.96 | 0.032 | 0.310 | Palmitic acid |
| Palmitoleic acid | GC-MS | 311 | 18.65 | 0.60 | 0.38 | 0.95 | 0.038 | 0.310 | Palmitoleic acid |
| p-Cresol | GC-MS | 165 | 8.19 | 0.64 | 0.43 | 0.96 | 0.039 | 0.310 | p-Cresol |
| Threonic acid | GC-MS | 292 | 13.55 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.89 | 0.010 | 0.271 | Threonic acid |
| Threonine | GC-MS | 218 | 11.35 | 0.82 | 0.68 | 0.99 | 0.046 | 0.316 | Threonine |
| Unknown_24.7 | GC-MS | 415 | 24.70 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.83 | 0.012 | 0.271 | |
| Unknown_7.04 | GC-MS | 89 | 7.04 | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.95 | 0.040 | 0.310 | |
| Unknown_7.18 | GC-MS | 89 | 7.18 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.94 | 0.039 | 0.310 | |
| Unknown_8.108 | GC-MS | 117 | 8.11 | 0.62 | 0.45 | 0.85 | 0.006 | 0.271 | |
| 414.2041/0.22399998 | LC-MS ESI+ | 414.2041 | 0.22 | 1.18 | 1.03 | 1.35 | 0.024 | 0.270 | |
| 352.2021/0.25400043 | LC-MS ESI+ | 352.2021 | 0.25 | 2.39 | 1.34 | 4.27 | 0.006 | 0.148 | Unknown |
| 416.2075/0.22399998 | LC-MS ESI+ | 416.2075 | 0.22 | 1.27 | 1.07 | 1.51 | 0.010 | 0.194 | Unknown |
| 211.1932/6.314987 | LC-MS ESI+ | 211.1932 | 6.31 | 1.12 | 1.01 | 1.24 | 0.046 | 0.307 | |
| 519.3325/5.4370084 | LC-MS ESI+ | 519.3325 | 5.44 | 0.73 | 0.58 | 0.94 | 0.019 | 0.270 | |
| 267.2559/6.318981 | LC-MS ESI+ | 267.2559 | 6.32 | 1.14 | 1.02 | 1.28 | 0.033 | 0.289 | |
| 297.268/0.2760002 | LC-MS ESI+ | 297.268 | 0.28 | 1.14 | 1.03 | 1.26 | 0.015 | 0.240 | |
| 103.0999/5.572011 | LC-MS ESI+ | 103.0999 | 5.57 | 0.76 | 0.60 | 0.95 | 0.023 | 0.270 | |
| 519.333/5.573987 | LC-MS ESI+ | 519.333 | 5.57 | 0.73 | 0.55 | 0.97 | 0.040 | 0.295 | |
| 442.1838/0.26800057 | LC-MS ESI+ | 442.1838 | 0.27 | 1.23 | 1.06 | 1.44 | 0.012 | 0.220 | |
| 307.2872/6.5200105 | LC-MS ESI+ | 307.2872 | 6.52 | 1.19 | 1.03 | 1.37 | 0.025 | 0.270 | |
| 567.3322/5.5489993 | LC-MS ESI+ | 567.3322 | 5.55 | 0.59 | 0.42 | 0.83 | 0.005 | 0.148 | LysoPC(22:6) |
| 326.2033/0.25500023 | LC-MS ESI+ | 326.2033 | 0.26 | 1.13 | 1.04 | 1.24 | 0.008 | 0.188 | Unknown |
| 269.2718/6.687009 | LC-MS ESI+ | 269.2718 | 6.69 | 1.17 | 1.02 | 1.35 | 0.030 | 0.285 | |
| 295.287/6.8239846 | LC-MS ESI+ | 295.287 | 6.82 | 1.16 | 1.02 | 1.33 | 0.028 | 0.281 | |
| 796.155/9.532984 | LC-MS ESI+ | 796.155 | 9.53 | 1.43 | 1.02 | 2.02 | 0.045 | 0.307 | |
| 729.2363/8.525017 | LC-MS ESI+ | 729.2363 | 8.53 | 1.34 | 1.03 | 1.74 | 0.038 | 0.295 | |
| 798.1522/9.532984 | LC-MS ESI+ | 798.1522 | 9.53 | 1.49 | 1.05 | 2.13 | 0.034 | 0.289 | |
| 806.2534/9.532984 | LC-MS ESI+ | 806.2534 | 9.53 | 1.40 | 1.04 | 1.88 | 0.032 | 0.289 | |
| 117.0785/11.895997 | LC-MS ESI+ | 117.0785 | 11.90 | 1.11 | 1.05 | 1.16 | <0.001 | 0.027 | Unknown |
| 354.0627/10.401996 | LC-MS ESI+ | 354.0627 | 10.40 | 1.33 | 1.02 | 1.72 | 0.042 | 0.300 | |
| 814.2073/10.39901 | LC-MS ESI+ | 814.2073 | 10.40 | 1.43 | 1.06 | 1.93 | 0.024 | 0.270 | |
| 309.3033/7.241983 | LC-MS ESI+ | 309.3033 | 7.24 | 1.18 | 1.01 | 1.36 | 0.040 | 0.295 | |
| 320.2461/0.27700037 | LC-MS ESI+ | 320.2461 | 0.28 | 1.34 | 1.07 | 1.68 | 0.015 | 0.240 | |
| 283.2871/7.157991 | LC-MS ESI+ | 283.2871 | 7.16 | 1.18 | 1.02 | 1.36 | 0.032 | 0.289 | |
| 946.1904/11.094979 | LC-MS ESI+ | 946.1904 | 11.09 | 1.57 | 1.04 | 2.38 | 0.040 | 0.295 | |
| 944.1871/11.094977 | LC-MS ESI+ | 944.1871 | 11.09 | 1.37 | 1.05 | 1.77 | 0.024 | 0.270 | |
| 281.2718/7.0589924 | LC-MS ESI+ | 281.2718 | 7.06 | 1.21 | 1.01 | 1.46 | 0.045 | 0.307 | |
| 360.2254/0.26599964 | LC-MS ESI+ | 360.2254 | 0.27 | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.14 | 0.010 | 0.194 | Unknown |
| 103.0996/5.4420066 | LC-MS ESI+ | 103.0996 | 5.44 | 0.73 | 0.61 | 0.89 | 0.003 | 0.135 | Unknown |
| 140.1059/11.895014 | LC-MS ESI+ | 140.1059 | 11.90 | 1.14 | 1.05 | 1.24 | 0.006 | 0.148 | Unknown |
| 662.4444/11.645997 | LC-MS ESI+ | 662.4444 | 11.65 | 1.13 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 0.049 | 0.307 | |
| 404.2528/0.28799918 | LC-MS ESI+ | 404.2528 | 0.29 | 1.25 | 1.04 | 1.50 | 0.021 | 0.270 | |
| 877.2731/10.406988 | LC-MS ESI+ | 877.2731 | 10.41 | 1.50 | 1.24 | 1.82 | <0.001 | 0.027 | Unknown |
| 525.2854/5.403004 | LC-MS ESI+ | 525.2854 | 5.40 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.84 | 0.001 | 0.050 | LysoPE(22:6) |
| 879.2761/10.407983 | LC-MS ESI+ | 879.2761 | 10.41 | 1.60 | 1.26 | 2.02 | <0.001 | 0.027 | Unknown |
| 879.2739/10.407982 | LC-MS ESI+ | 879.2739 | 10.41 | 1.55 | 1.29 | 1.86 | <0.001 | <0.001 | Unknown |
| 870.1751/10.402992 | LC-MS ESI+ | 870.1751 | 10.4 | 1.36 | 1.05 | 1.77 | 0.027 | 0.280 | |
| 340.2399/7.2280173 | LC-MS ESI- | 340.2399 | 7.23 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.92 | 0.045 | 0.708 | |
| 177.0801/0.25799963 | LC-MS ESI- | 177.0801 | 0.26 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.85 | 0.022 | 0.636 | |
| 188.0143/0.24000052 | LC-MS ESI- | 188.0143 | 0.24 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.82 | 0.009 | 0.397 | |
| 108.0572/0.24200036 | LC-MS ESI- | 108.0572 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 0.36 | 0.83 | 0.008 | 0.397 | |
| 886.5581/11.944002 | LC-MS ESI- | 886.5581 | 11.94 | 2.83 | 1.17 | 6.86 | 0.027 | 0.636 | |
| 251.1548/6.224987 | LC-MS ESI- | 251.1548 | 6.22 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.84 | 0.033 | 0.636 | |
| 404.2717/7.6960144 | LC-MS ESI- | 404.2717 | 7.70 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.61 | 0.006 | 0.397 | |
| 889.5749/11.930998 | LC-MS ESI- | 889.5749 | 11.93 | 2.22 | 1.04 | 4.74 | 0.047 | 0.708 | |
| 499.9411/0.257 | LC-MS ESI- | 499.9411 | 0.26 | 0.50 | 0.36 | 0.69 | <0.001 | 0.045 | Unknown |
| 884.5422/11.938984 | LC-MS ESI- | 884.5422 | 11.94 | 2.55 | 1.11 | 5.81 | 0.033 | 0.636 | |
| 506.3392/8.925018 | LC-MS ESI- | 506.3392 | 8.93 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.88 | 0.036 | 0.636 | |
| 240.0729/7.214998 | LC-MS ESI- | 240.0729 | 7.21 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 0.82 | 0.016 | 0.545 | |
| 300.2091/6.3210077 | LC-MS ESI- | 300.2091 | 6.32 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.55 | 0.005 | 0.397 | |
| 713.4483/6.718995 | LC-MS ESI- | 713.4483 | 6.72 | 1.61 | 1.05 | 2.47 | 0.036 | 0.636 | |
| 310.2146/0.25799963 | LC-MS ESI- | 310.2146 | 0.26 | 1.11 | 1.04 | 1.18 | 0.004 | 0.136 | HpOTrE/DiHOTrE/ EpODE * |
Statistics: Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with a gamma distribution (log-link) (dependent variable: plasma metabolites; independent variable: HIV-infection), adjusted by epidemiological characteristics (age, gender and body mass index). P-values were adjusted by FDR correction for multiple comparisons (Benjamini and Hochberg). Statistically significant differences are shown in bold.
Abbreviations: RT, retention time; aAMR, adjusted ratio of the arithmetic means; CI, confidence interval; p-value, level of significance; q-value, adjusted p-value by FDR correction; GC-MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; LC-MS ESI+, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, positive electrospray ionization; LC-MS ESI+, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, negative electrospray ionization; LysoPC, lysophosphocoline; LysoPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; HpOTrE, hydroperoxy-octadecatrienoic acid; DiHOTrE, dihydroperoxy-octadecatrienoic acid; EpODE, epoxy-octadecadienoic acid.
* 12-HpOTrE / 13-HpOTrE / 13S-HpOTrE / 15,16-EpODE / 16-HpOTrE / 7,8-DiHOTrE / 9H-12(13)-EpODE / 9-HpOTrE / 9S-HpOTrE.