Table 1.

Characteristics and findings of the included studies.

Sr. no.	Author/country	Year	Study design	Study participants	Sex	Age	Follow-up period	Outcome measures	Evaluation	References
1	Ashman et al.,/USA	2008	Case–control study	54 TBI patients and 40 control	Both males and females	> 55	6 months to 1 year	CVLT, WMS-LM, WMS-VR, WMS-LM, WMS-LM, COWAT (FAS), WCST CS	TBI patients have impaired attention and verbal memory	Ashman et al. (2008)
2	Peretz et al.,/Israel	1997	Case–control study	54 TBI patients and 10 control	Both males and females	> 60	-	WMS-VR	In older TBI patients, impaired visual activity has been found	Aharon-Peretz et al. (1997)
3	Breed et al.,/USA	2008	Case–control study	56 TBI patients and 50 control	Both males and females	> 65	-	WMS-VR, WMS-LM	In older TBI patients, cognitive impairment has been found	Breed et al. (2008)
4	Rapoport et al.,/Canada	2006	Case–control study	49 TBI patients and 69 control	Both males and females	> 50	1 year	COWAT, CVLT	With aging, in TBI patients, cognitive functions significantly declined	Rapoport et al. (2006)
5	Rao et al.,/USA	2010	Case–control study	The total number of participants was 43	Both males and females	> 45	1 year	MMSE	In the early-aged TBI patients, mild depression has been evident	Rao et al. (2010)
6	Ping ma et al.,/Taiwan	2019	Case–control study	The total number of participants was 440	Both males and females	> 45	2 year	PSQI, BDI, BAI	In the TBI patients, sleep disorder, anxiety, and depression have been evident	Ma et al. (2019)
7	Richard et al.,/Canada	2000	Case–control study	The total number of participants was 80	Both males and females	> 26	-	BDI, CVLT	Anxiety and learning difficulties have been found to be more significant in elderly TBI patients	Richards (2000)
8	Hellawell et al.,/UK	1999	Retrospective case–control study	The total number of participants was 96	Both males and females	> 25	1 year	NART, TMT, GOS, HISC	Patients with moderate to severe brain injuries have experienced altered physical and cognitive functions	Hellawell et al. (1999)
9	Sigurdardottir et al.,/Norway	2009	Case–control study	The total number of participants was 115, where 41 cases had severe brain injuries	Both males and females	> 25	1 year	GOSE, COWAT	In severe TBI patients, cognitive recovery after 1 year of follow-up was found insignificant	Sigurdardottir et al. (2009)
10	Salmond et al.,/UK	2005	Case–control study	The total number of participants was 63, where 31 cases had severe brain injuries and 32 were control	Both males and females	> 30	-	BDI	The results revealed that TBI patients experienced severe depression	Salmond et al. (2005)
11	Anderson et al.,/Australia	2004	Case–control study	The total number of participants was 117, where 84 cases and 33 control	Both males and females	2–7	-	EOWPVT, NMI,	Learning and memory disabilities have been significantly found in TBI patients compared to healthy individuals	Anderson et al. (2004)
12	Hawley et al.,/UK	2004	Case–control study	The total number of participants was 81, where 67 cases and 14 control	Both males and females	6–18	-	WISC-III	In the TBI patients, intellectual and verbal strengths were found compromised	Hawley (2004)
13	Mangels et al.,/USA	2002	Case–control study	The total number of participants was 25, where 15 cases and 10 control	Both males and females	> 25	-	WMS-R	Significant evidence of impaired memory has been observed in severe TBI patients	Mangels et al. (2002)