Table 2.
Indications for surgery
| Variable | Included studies (n = 55) |
|---|---|
| Non-urologic symptoms | |
| Nonspecific lower-extremity motor deficits | 20 (36.4) |
| Lower-extremity/back pain | 18 (32.7) |
| Nonspecific lower-extremity sensory deficits | 16 (29.1) |
| Gait abnormalities | 16 (29.1) |
| Nonspecific bowel dysfunction/fecal incontinence | 14 (25.5) |
| Nonspecific lower-extremity weakness | 11 (20.0) |
| Orthopedic abnormalities | 7 (12.7) |
| Spasticity | 7 (12.7) |
| Lower-extremity muscular atrophy | 6 (10.9) |
| Saddle anesthesia/perianal sensation changes | 5 (9.1) |
| Hyperreflexia | 3 (5.5) |
| Areflexia | 3 (5.5) |
| Urologic symptoms | |
| Nonspecific bladder dysfunction/nonspecific urodynamics | 22 (40.0) |
| Urinary incontinence/nocturesis/neurogenic bladder | 13 (23.6) |
| Bladder capacity/volume deficiencies | 13 (23.6) |
| Detrusor malfunction/overactivity | 10 (18.2) |
| Bladder compliance deficiencies | 9 (16.4) |
| Postvoid residual volume | 6 (10.9) |
| Manometry/sphincter evaluation | 5 (9.1) |
| Other urodynamics | 4 (9.1) |
| Bladder pressure | 3 (5.5) |
| Urinary/bladder sensory loss | 3 (5.5) |
| History of/recurrent urinary tract infections | 3 (5.5) |
| Voiding function | 2 (3.6) |
| Detrusor leak point pressure | 2 (3.6) |
| Deterioration of bladder storage | 1 (1.8) |
| Bladder/kidney anatomic abnormalities | 1 (1.8) |
Data reported as number of studies reporting (percent)