Table 1.
Demographics and disease-related characteristics per group at baseline
| Healthy controls and cognitive groups at baseline | Treatment groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCs (n = 56) | CP-MS (n = 46) | CI-MS (n = 59) | CRT (n = 32) | MBCT (n = 31) | ETAU (n = 33) | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 47.8 (9.7) | 47.2 (9.6) | 49.7 (10.2) | 50.9 (7.8) | 46.2 (10.3) | 49.2 (10.5) |
| Sex (women), n (%) | 34 (61%) | 39 (85%) | 40 (68%) | 24 (75%) | 22 (71%) | 26 (79%) |
| Education (high),a n (%) | 31 (55%) | 25 (54%) | 37 (63%) | 20 (63%) | 20 (65%) | 19 (58%) |
| Disease-related characteristics | ||||||
| MS type (RRMS/SPMS/PPMS/unclearb), % | Not applicable | 78/9/9/4 | 58/22/15/5 | 63/16/16/6 | 58/23/13/7 | 70/15/12/3 |
| Disease duration (years),c median (IQR) | Not applicable | 10.9 (16.1) | 17.1 (18.1) | 15.6 (12.7) | 9.3 (16.6) | 14.2 (22.5) |
| EDSS, median (range) | Not applicable | 3.5 (2.0–6.0) | 4.0 (2.0–7.5) | 3.75 (2.0–6.5) | 3.5 (2.0–7.0) | 4.0 (2.5–7.5) |
HCs healthy controls, CP-MS cognitively preserved multiple sclerosis patients, CI-MS cognitively impaired multiple sclerosis patients, CRT cognitive rehabilitation therapy, MBCT mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, ETAU enhanced treatment as usual, RRMS relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis, SPMS secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; PPMS primary progressive multiple sclerosis, EDSS Expanded Disability Status Scale
aEducation was coded according to the Dutch educational Verhage classification and categorized as low (i.e., completed average-level secondary education or lower; levels 1–5) or high (i.e., completed high-level secondary education or university degree; levels 6–7). b’Unclear’ indicates that the MS type could not be specified by the neurologist. cDisease duration represents the time between the first onset of neurological complaints and the visit date