Table 1.

Standardized Components for the Joint Analysis of Outcomes and Costs in VBHC Delivery

Level	Patient	Provider	Among providers
Aim	Achieve high-value care based on what matters to patients	Incrementally improve the value of care	Learn from other healthcare providers
Application	Patient-clinician interaction, shared decision-making	Continuous learning and evaluation within an organization	Benchmarking within and among organizations
Perspective	Individual patient	Hospital, clinic, practice site, disease-specific	Hospital, disease-specific
Outcomes	Clinical outcomes, PROMs, PREMs	Clinical outcomes, PROMs, PREMs, quality, process, and performance indicators	Quality, process, and performance indicators
Costs	Premiums, out-of-pocket expenses, travel costs, patient time costs, lost earnings, and unemployment benefits	Resources used to deliver care, cost drivers	Resources used to deliver care, cost drivers
Valuation of costs	Patient financial toxicity surveys and other instruments	Costing methods such as TDABC	Costing methods such as TDABC
Comparator	Treatment options or “patients like me”	Own performance over time, between patient groups	Other providers
Time horizon	Short- and long-term	Cycles of 3–6 months	1 year
Standardization	None	Standardized outcome sets, e.g., by ICHOM 24,25	Scorecards or registries, e.g., Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing 19,26
Analysis	Not aggregated	Both aggregated and not aggregated	Aggregated

PROMs, patient-reported outcome measures; PREMs, patient-reported experience measures; TDABC, time-driven activity-based costing; ICHOM, International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement