Table 3.
Changes in Patient-Centered Outcomes of Study Participants from Baseline to Study Endpoint
| Intervention Group | Control Group | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Baseline, mean (SD) |
Endpoint, mean (SD) |
Change | p-value | n | Baseline, mean (SD) |
Endpoint, mean (SD) |
Change | p-value | Intervention Effect—Adjusteda | p-value | |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Moderate weekly activity, minutes | 90 | 123.8 (226.6) | 314.8 (281.1) | 191.0 (127.0, 255.0) | < 0.001 | 89 | 173.9 (270.0) | 151.6 (218.4) | -22.4 (-86.9, 42.2) | 0.493 | 211.9 (123.5, 300.3) | < 0.001 |
| Vigorous weekly activity, minutes | 90 | 3.3 (18.8) | 1.3 (8.9) | -2.0 (-6.4, 2.4) | 0.370 | 89 | 14.9 (62.0) | 2.1 (12.5) | -12.8 (-26.2, 0.6) | 0.061 | 9.9 (-3.6, 23.2) | 0.150 |
| Total weekly activity, minutes | 90 | 130.5 (232.6) | 317.5 (281.3) | 187.0 (123.4, 250.6) | < 0.001 | 89 | 203.7 (309.6) | 155.7 (217.6) | -48.0 (-115.1, 19.12) | 0.159 | 232.3 (142.6, 322.0) | < 0.001 |
| Recommended weekly PA, n (%) | 90 | 26 (28.9) | 68 (75.6) | 46.7 (33.8, 59.6) | < 0.001 | 89 | 35 (39.3) | 35 (39.3) | 0.0 (-14.4, 14.4) | 1.000 | 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) | 0.060 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||||||||
| Fruit, times per day | 92 | 0.9 (0.8) | 1.1 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.094 | 89 | 1.1 (1.7) | 0.7 (0.7) | -0.4 (-0.8, 0.0) | 0.027 | 0.6 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.003 |
| Soda, times per day | 92 | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.1) | -0.1 (-0.1, 0.0) | < 0.001 | 88 | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.167 | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.173 |
| Sugar sweetened beverages, times per day | 90 | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.5) | -0.6 (-0.8, -0.4) | < 0.001 | 89 | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.5 (0.8) | -0.5 (-0.8, -0.2) | 0.001 | -0.1 (-0.5, 0.2) | 0.561 |
| Fried potatoes, times per day | 90 | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.1) | -0.1 (-0.2, -0.1) | < 0.001 | 88 | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.2 (0.5) | -0.1 (-0.2, 0.1) | 0.484 | -0.1 (-0.2, 0.1) | 0.504 |
| Potatoes, times per day | 88 | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.3) | -0.2 (-0.3, -0.1) | < 0.001 | 86 | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.3) | -0.1 (-0.2, 0.0) | 0.217 | -0.1 (-0.3, 0.0) | 0.101 |
| Vegetables, times per day | 86 | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.6 (1.0) | 0.1 (-0.2, 0.4) | 0.482 | 87 | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.4 (1.6) | 0.0 (-0.3, 0.4) | 0.879 | 0.1 (-0.3, 0.6) | 0.650 |
| ARMS Scales | ||||||||||||
| Prescription refill (4–16, 16 = worst adherence) | 89 | 5.6 (1.8) | 4.5 (1.0) | -1.2 (-1.5, -0.8) | < 0.001 | 91 | 5.3 (1.7) | 4.9 (1.3) | -0.4 (-0.8, 0.0) | 0.040 | -0.7 (-1.2, -0.2) | 0.008 |
| Medication taking (8–32, 32 = worst adherence) | 89 | 10.5 (3.3) | 9.2 (1.9) | -1.4 (-2.0, -0.7) | < 0.001 | 90 | 9.9 (2.9) | 9.5 (2.0) | -0.4 (-1.0, 0.2) | 0.151 | -1.0 (-1.9, -0.1) | 0.025 |
| Self-management | ||||||||||||
| Checks feet every day, n (%) | 91 | 16 (17.6) | 37 (40.7) | 23.1 (10.3, 35.9) | < 0.001 | 89 | 17 (19.1) | 27 (30.3) | 11.2 (-1.4, 23.8) | 0.722 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 0.541 |
| Manages diabetes with medication or insulin, n (%) | 92 | 65 (70.7) | 62 (67.4) | -3.3 (-16.7, 10.1) | 0.167 | 91 | 78 (85.7) | 82 (90.1) | 4.4 (-5.1, 13.9) | 0.754 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) | 0.002 |
| Manages diabetes with diet control, n (%) | 92 | 53 (57.6) | 76 (82.6) | 25.0 (12.2, 37.8) | < 0.001 | 91 | 54 (59.3) | 49 (53.9) | 5.4 (-9.0, 19.8) | 0.711 | 1.8 (1.1, 2.8) | 0.018 |
| Manages diabetes with physical activity, n (%) | 92 | 36 (39.1) | 68 (73.9) | 34.8 (21.3, 48.5) | 0.003 | 91 | 38 (41.8) | 43 (47.3) | 5.5 (-8.9, 19.9) | 0.345 | 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) | 0.055 |
| Diabetes Physician Management | ||||||||||||
| Times seen doctor for diabetes in past 12 months | 91 | 2.4 (1.9) | 2.8 (1.2) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.018 | 91 | 2.5 (1.7) | 2.8 (1.3) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.029 | 0.1 (-0.4, 0.5) | 0.828 |
| Times A1c checked by doctor in past 12 months | 86 | 2.0 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.2) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.111 | 89 | 2.3 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.4) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.892 | 0.3 (-0.1, 0.8) | 0.145 |
| Times feet checked by doctor in past 12 months | 85 | 0.9 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.3) | 0.3 (-0.1, 0.6) | 0.029 | 89 | 1.3 (1.6) | 1.3 (1.2) | 0.0 (-0.3, 0.3) | 0.038 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 1.000 |
| Eyes dilated in past year, n (%) | 90 | 47 (52.2) | 57 (63.3) | 11.1 (-3.2, 25.4) | 0.110 | 87 | 46 (52.9) | 55 (63.2) | 10.3 (-4.0, 25.4) | 0.136 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.866 |
| Health | ||||||||||||
| Self-efficacy, 1–4, 4 = highest | 91 | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.9 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) | 0.009 | 91 | 2.9 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.016 | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.2) | 0.762 |
| PHQ-2 scale | 92 | 1.2 (1.3) | 0.4 (0.8) | -0.8 (-1.0, -0.5) | < 0.001 | 91 | 1.1 (1.6) | 0.6 (1.3) | -0.5 (-0.8, -0.1) | 0.009 | -0.3 (-0.8, 0.1) | 0.108 |
| Instrumental support scale | 91 | 4.5 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.9) | -0.1 (-0.3, 0.0) | 0.041 | 89 | 4.5 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.9) | -0.2 (-0.4, -0.1) | 0.004 | 0.1 (-0.1, 0.3) | 0.538 |
| Days of poor physical health | 92 | 4.8 (8.5) | 1.6 (4.1) | -3.2 (-4.9, -1.5) | < 0.001 | 91 | 3.0 (6.9) | 3.4 (7.0) | 0.4 (-1.4, 2.2) | 0.670 | -3.7 (-6.0, -1.3) | 0.003 |
| Days of poor mental health | 91 | 4.6 (7.3) | 1.8 (4.2) | -2.8 (-4.3, -1.4) | < 0.001 | 90 | 4.0 (7.4) | 3.3 (6.8) | -0.7 (-2.4, 0.9) | 0.384 | -2.4 (-4.6, -0.2) | 0.032 |
aAdjusted for age and gender