Table 2.
Weighted Frequencies and Odds of Nonpharmacologic Treatment Use Among Adults with Low Back Pain in the United States, 2002 to 2018
| Chiropractic use | OT/PT use | Chiropractic or OT/PT use | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | % (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Survey year | ||||||
| 2002 | 16.5 (15.6–17.3) | Ref | 14.4 (13.5–15.3) | Ref | 27.3 (26.2–28.4) | Ref |
| 2003 | 16.0 (15.1–16.9) | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | 15.3 (14.4–16.2) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 27.5 (26.4–28.6) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) |
| 2004 | 17.0 (16.1–17.9) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 15.4 (14.6–16.3) | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 28.7 (27.6–29.7) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) |
| 2005 | 16.9 (16.0–17.8) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 15.6 (14.8–16.5) | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 28.5 (27.4–29.5) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) |
| 2006 | 16.2 (15.1–17.3) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | 15.9 (14.9–16.8) | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 28.3 (27.1–29.6) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) |
| 2007 | 17.1 (15.9–18.2) | 1.05 (0.94–1.16) | 15.2 (14.2–16.2) | 1.07 (0.96–1.18) | 28.8 (27.5–30.1) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) |
| 2008 | 17.6 (16.5–18.7) | 1.09 (0.98–1.20) | 15.8 (14.7–16.9) | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 29.6 (28.2–31.0) | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) |
| 2009 | 16.9 (15.9–18.0) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 15.5 (14.5–16.5) | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | 28.6 (27.3–29.8) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) |
| 2010 | 15.8 (14.9–16.7) | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 16.2 (15.3–17.1) | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 28.2 (27.1–29.2) | 1.04 (0.97–1.13) |
| 2011 | 16.6 (15.8–17.4) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 15.9 (15.1–16.7) | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) | 28.7 (27.6–29.8) | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) |
| 2012 | 16.2 (15.4–17.0) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 15.0 (14.1–15.8) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 27.6 (26.6–28.7) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) |
| 2013 | 16.3 (15.5–17.1) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 16.7 (15.8–17.6) | 1.19 (1.08–1.31) | 29.2 (28.1–30.3) | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) |
| 2014 | 16.3 (15.4–17.2) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 17.4 (16.4–18.4) | 1.25 (1.13–1.38) | 29.1 (28.0–30.3) | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) |
| 2015 | 16.3 (15.4–17.3) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 17.5 (16.5–18.4) | 1.26 (1.14–1.38) | 29.4 (28.3–30.5) | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) |
| 2016 | 17.4 (16.5–18.2) | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 18.4 (17.5–19.4) | 1.34 (1.22–1.48) | 31.0 (29.9–32.1) | 1.20 (1.11–1.29) |
| 2017 | 17.3 (16.3–18.3) | 1.06 (0.97–1.17) | 18.8 (17.8–19.8) | 1.37 (1.24–1.51) | 31.5 (30.3–32.7) | 1.23 (1.13–1.32) |
| 2018 | 17.9 (16.9–19.0) | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 19.4 (18.4–20.4) | 1.43 (1.30–1.57) | 32.6 (31.4–33.8) | 1.29 (1.19–1.39) |
| Age groups | ||||||
| 18–24 | 15.1 (14.2–16.0) | 0.72 (0.67–0.78) | 9.2 (8.5–9.9) | 0.67 (0.61–0.73) | 21.4 (20.4–22.4) | 0.67 (0.63–0.71) |
| 25–34 | 18.4 (17.8–19.1) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 10.6 (10.1–11.1) | 0.78 (0.73–0.83) | 25.1 (24.4–25.9) | 0.82 (0.78–0.87) |
| 35–44 | 19.8 (19.1–20.4) | Ref | 13.2 (12.7–13.7) | Ref | 28.9 (28.2–29.6) | Ref |
| 45–54 | 18.0 (17.5–18.5) | 0.89 (0.85–0.94) | 16.3 (15.8–16.8) | 1.28 (1.21–1.36) | 30.1 (29.5–30.7) | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) |
| 55–64 | 16.4 (15.8–16.9) | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) | 19.1 (18.6–19.7) | 1.56 (1.47–1.65) | 31.0 (30.3–31.6) | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) |
| 65–74 | 15.3 (14.7–15.9) | 0.73 (0.69–0.77) | 21.8 (21.1–22.5) | 1.83 (1.72–1.95) | 32.5 (31.7–33.2) | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) |
| 75 + | 11.3 (10.7–12.0) | 0.52 (0.48–0.56) | 23.4 (22.7–24.2) | 2.01 (1.90–2.14) | 31.4 (30.5–32.3) | 1.12 (1.07–1.18) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 16.9 (16.6–17.3) | Ref | 15.0 (14.6–15.3) | Ref | 28.1 (27.6–28.5) | Ref |
| Female | 16.6 (16.2–16.9) | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) | 17.6 (17.2–17.9) | 1.21 (1.17–1.25) | 30.0 (29.5–30.4) | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 17.9 (17.6–18.2) | Ref | 16.6 (16.3–16.9) | Ref | 30.4 (30.1–30.8) | Ref |
| Black | 9.9 (9.4–10.4) | 0.50 (0.47–0.53) | 16.4 (15.8–16.9) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 22.4 (21.7–23.1) | 0.66 (0.63–0.69) |
| American Indian/Native Alaskan | 13.7 (11.9–15.5) | 0.73 (0.63–0.85) | 15.2 (13.3–17.1) | 0.90 (0.77–1.04) | 25.4 (23.3–27.6) | 0.78 (0.70–0.87) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 13.2 (12.0–14.3) | 0.70 (0.63–0.77) | 13.1 (12.0–14.2) | 0.76 (0.69–0.84) | 23.1 (21.7–24.5) | 0.69 (0.64–0.74) |
| Other | 14.6 (12.1–17.1) | 0.78 (0.64–0.96) | 17.1 (14.2–19.9) | 1.03 (0.85–1.26) | 26.6 (23.4–29.7) | 0.83 (0.70–0.97) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 17.2 (16.9–17.5) | Ref | 17.0 (16.7–17.3) | Ref | 30.1 (29.8–30.5) | Ref |
| Hispanic | 12.6 (12.0–13.1) | 0.69 (0.65–0.73) | 12.1 (11.6–12.6) | 0.67 (0.64–0.71) | 21.1 (20.4–21.8) | 0.62 (0.59–0.65) |
| Educational level | ||||||
| No degree | 10.4 (10.0–10.9) | 0.66 (0.62–0.70) | 13.3 (12.8–13.8) | 0.86 (0.82–0.91) | 21.0 (20.3–21.6) | 0.73 (0.70–0.76) |
| GED or high school diploma | 15.0 (14.5–15.4) | Ref | 15.1 (14.6–15.5) | Ref | 26.7 (26.2–27.2) | Ref |
| Some college | 18.3 (17.8–18.7) | 1.27 (1.22–1.33) | 17.3 (16.9–17.7) | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 31.2 (30.7–31.7) | 1.24 (1.20–1.29) |
| College degree or higher | 21.4 (20.8–21.9) | 1.54 (1.48–1.61) | 19.3 (18.8–19.9) | 1.35 (1.29–1.41) | 35.4 (34.8–36.0) | 1.50 (1.45–1.56) |
| Income | ||||||
| Below poverty threshold | 10.5 (10.0–10.9) | 0.52 (0.49–0.54) | 15.4 (14.9–15.9) | 0.93 (0.89–0.98) | 22.7 (22.1–23.3) | 0.66 (0.64–0.69) |
| 1–2 times above threshold | 12.8 (12.3–13.3) | 0.65 (0.62–0.68) | 15.5 (15.0–15.9) | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 25.0 (24.4–25.6) | 0.75 (0.72–0.78) |
| > 2 to 5 times above threshold | 18.5 (18.1–18.9) | Ref | 16.3 (16.0–16.7) | Ref | 30.7 (30.2–31.2) | Ref |
| > 5 times above threshold | 22.7 (22.1–23.3) | 1.29 (1.25–1.34) | 18.6 (18.1–19.2) | 1.17 (1.12–1.23) | 36.0 (35.4–36.6) | 1.27 (1.23–1.31) |
| Census region | ||||||
| South | 12.8 (12.4–13.2) | Ref | 14.6 (14.2–15.1) | Ref | 24.4 (23.9–25.0) | Ref |
| Northeast | 17.0 (16.4–17.6) | 1.39 (1.31–1.47) | 18.3 (17.7–18.9) | 1.31 (1.24–1.38) | 30.8 (30.1–31.5) | 1.38 (1.32–1.44) |
| West | 18.8 (18.3–19.3) | 1.57 (1.50–1.65) | 17.1 (16.6–17.7) | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) | 31.2 (30.6–31.8) | 1.40 (1.35–1.46) |
| Midwest | 20.3 (19.6–21.1) | 1.73 (1.64–1.84) | 17.2 (16.8–17.7) | 1.21 (1.16–1.27) | 33.1 (32.3–33.9) | 1.53 (1.46–1.60) |
| Citizenship | ||||||
| U.S. Citizen | 17.0 (16.8–17.3) | Ref | 16.9 (16.6–17.1) | Ref | 29.8 (29.5–30.2) | Ref |
| Non-Citizen | 10.7 (9.9–11.4) | 0.58 (0.54–0.63) | 8.8 (8.1–9.5) | 0.48 (0.44–0.52) | 16.3 (15.4–17.3) | 0.46 (0.43–0.49) |
| Nativity | ||||||
| US native | 17.3 (17.0–17.6) | Ref | 16.9 (16.6–17.1) | Ref | 30.1 (29.7–30.4) | Ref |
| Born outside of US | 12.9 (12.4–13.4) | 0.71 (0.68–0.75) | 13.8 (13.2–14.4) | 0.79 (0.75–0.83) | 22.6 (21.9–23.3) | 0.68 (0.65–0.71) |
| Insurance coverage | ||||||
| No insurance | 12.1 (11.5–12.6) | 0.49 (0.46–0.52) | 6.8 (6.4–7.2) | 0.43 (0.40–0.46) | 16.8 (16.2–17.5) | 0.43 (0.41–0.45) |
| Public insurance only | 11.5 (11.1–11.8) | 0.46 (0.44–0.48) | 20.0 (19.6–20.5) | 1.47 (1.42–1.53) | 27.7 (27.2–28.3) | 0.82 (0.79–0.84) |
| Private insurance only | 22.0 (21.6–22.4) | Ref | 14.5 (14.2–14.9) | Ref | 31.9 (31.5–32.4) | Ref |
| Public and private insurance | 15.4 (14.7–16.0) | 0.64 (0.61–0.68) | 24.8 (24.0–25.5) | 1.94 (1.85–2.03) | 35.4 (34.5–36.2) | 1.17 (1.12–1.21) |
OR, odds ratio. All ORs are unadjusted. Ref, reference group. When reporting ORs, the reference group is 1.00