Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of UK Biobank participants.
| Number of participants | Participants without cardiovascular disease history, by 10-year cardiovascular risk (QRISK3) |
Participants with history of cardiovascular disease |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5% |
5%–10% |
10%–15% |
15%–20% |
≥20% |
||||||||
| 140,304 | 112,301 | 75,451 | 47,905 | 68,615 | 57,278 | |||||||
| Age, years | 48.2 | (5.4) | 56.1 | (6.1) | 60.1 | (5.7) | 62.0 | (5.3) | 63.2 | (5.1) | 60.4 | (7.0) |
| 40–49 | 86,615 | (61.7%) | 18,423 | (16.4%) | 4034 | (5.3%) | 1463 | (3.1%) | 1596 | (2.3%) | 5612 | (9.8%) |
| 50–59 | 50,295 | (35.8%) | 54,445 | (48.5%) | 25,144 | (33.3%) | 11,098 | (23.2%) | 11,155 | (16.3%) | 14,783 | (25.9%) |
| 60–70 | 3394 | (2.4%) | 39,433 | (35.1%) | 46,273 | (61.3%) | 35,344 | (73.8%) | 55,864 | (81.4%) | 36,883 | (64.5%) |
| Male sex | 33,515 | (23.9%) | 41,969 | (37.4%) | 36,863 | (48.9%) | 30,336 | (63.3%) | 52,313 | (76.2%) | 33,734 | (59.0%) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White | 129,347 | (92.2%) | 106,869 | (95.2%) | 72,622 | (96.3%) | 46,197 | (96.4%) | 65,374 | (95.3%) | 54,488 | (95.0%) |
| Black | 4033 | (2.9%) | 1605 | (1.4%) | 753 | (1.0%) | 375 | (0.8%) | 502 | (0.7%) | 770 | (1.3%) |
| South Asian | 1866 | (1.3%) | 1480 | (1.3%) | 981 | (1.3%) | 719 | (1.5%) | 1900 | (2.8%) | 1053 | (1.8%) |
| Othera | 5058 | (3.6%) | 2347 | (2.1%) | 1095 | (1.5%) | 614 | (1.3%) | 839 | (1.2%) | 967 | (1.7%) |
| Townsend socioeconomic deprivation | ||||||||||||
| Quintile 1 (least deprived) | 56,420 | (40.2%) | 43,328 | (38.6%) | 28,189 | (37.4%) | 16,942 | (35.4%) | 21,262 | (31.0%) | 18,960 | (33.2%) |
| Quintile 2 | 28,600 | (20.4%) | 22,762 | (20.3%) | 15,275 | (20.2%) | 9706 | (20.3%) | 13,054 | (19.0%) | 10,957 | (19.2%) |
| Quintile 3 | 23,166 | (16.5%) | 18,333 | (16.3%) | 12,237 | (16.2%) | 7790 | (16.3%) | 11,100 | (16.2%) | 9034 | (15.8%) |
| Quintile 4 | 18,964 | (13.5%) | 15,752 | (14.0%) | 11,019 | (14.6%) | 7285 | (15.2%) | 11,428 | (16.7%) | 9178 | (16.1%) |
| Quintile 5 | 13,154 | (9.4%) | 12,126 | (10.8%) | 8731 | (11.6%) | 6182 | (12.9%) | 11,771 | (17.2%) | 9149 | (16.0%) |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Never | 96,434 | (68.7%) | 66,546 | (59.3%) | 40,168 | (53.2%) | 22,386 | (46.7%) | 24,727 | (36.0%) | 25,137 | (44.0%) |
| Former smoker | 35,095 | (25.0%) | 35,165 | (31.3%) | 27,422 | (36.3%) | 19,417 | (40.5%) | 31,213 | (45.5%) | 25,211 | (44.1%) |
| Current smoker | 8775 | (6.3%) | 10,590 | (9.4%) | 7861 | (10.4%) | 6102 | (12.7%) | 12,675 | (18.5%) | 6930 | (12.1%) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| High | 47,746 | (34.0%) | 36,671 | (32.7%) | 24,263 | (32.2%) | 15,559 | (32.5%) | 20,967 | (30.6%) | 16,780 | (29.3%) |
| Moderate | 47,303 | (33.7%) | 36,783 | (32.8%) | 24,489 | (32.5%) | 15,438 | (32.2%) | 22,143 | (32.3%) | 17,679 | (30.9%) |
| Low | 20,788 | (14.8%) | 16,385 | (14.6%) | 10,848 | (14.4%) | 6860 | (14.3%) | 11,051 | (16.1%) | 10,105 | (17.7%) |
| Missing | 24,467 | (17.4%) | 22,462 | (20.0%) | 15,851 | (21.0%) | 10,048 | (21.0%) | 14,454 | (21.1%) | 12,714 | (22.2%) |
| Unhealthy diet (incl. uncertain) | 47,749 | (34.0%) | 37,622 | (33.5%) | 26,296 | (34.9%) | 17,962 | (37.5%) | 28,940 | (42.2%) | 21,705 | (37.9%) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26 | (4.4) | 27.1 | (4.6) | 27.7 | (4.6) | 28.1 | (4.6) | 29.2 | (4.9) | 29 | (5.2) |
| On statin treatment | 1015 | (0.7%) | 4935 | (4.4%) | 8159 | (10.8%) | 9667 | (20.2%) | 31,392 | (45.8%) | 31,325 | (54.8%) |
| LDL-C (mmol/L), untreatedb | 3.4 | (0.7) | 3.8 | (0.8) | 4 | (0.8) | 4 | (0.9) | 4.3 | (1.1) | 4.1 | (1.1) |
| <3.4 | 68,974 | (49.2%) | 32,142 | (28.6%) | 18,456 | (24.5%) | 10,961 | (22.9%) | 13,037 | (19.0%) | 15,674 | (27.4%) |
| 3.4–4.1 | 47,751 | (34.0%) | 43,253 | (38.5%) | 27,946 | (37.0%) | 16,706 | (34.9%) | 20,304 | (29.6%) | 17,011 | (29.8%) |
| ≥4.1 | 23,579 | (16.8%) | 36,906 | (32.9%) | 29,049 | (38.5%) | 20,238 | (42.2%) | 35,274 | (51.4%) | 24,593 | (43.0%) |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.6 | (0.4) | 1.5 | (0.4) | 1.5 | (0.4) | 1.4 | (0.3) | 1.3 | (0.3) | 1.3 | (0.4) |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 67.6 | (12.3) | 70.1 | (13.5) | 72.3 | (14.2) | 75 | (15.0) | 77.9 | (18.4) | 76.9 | (19.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.4 | (14.4) | 136.3 | (15.9) | 142.4 | (16.7) | 146.7 | (17.3) | 151.8 | (18.6) | 138.9 | (18.8) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.8 | (9.4) | 82.4 | (9.7) | 84 | (9.7) | 85.2 | (9.7) | 86.3 | (10.1) | 80.9 | (10.4) |
| Treated hypertension | 3200 | (2.3%) | 11,144 | (9.9%) | 14,233 | (18.9%) | 13,104 | (27.4%) | 30,249 | (44.1%) | 26,184 | (45.8%) |
| Prior diabetes | 250 | (0.2%) | 975 | (0.9%) | 1667 | (2.2%) | 2375 | (5.0%) | 16,300 | (23.8%) | 8171 | (14.3%) |
| Prior cancer | 7316 | (5.2%) | 8256 | (7.4%) | 6421 | (8.5%) | 4215 | (8.8%) | 6505 | (9.5%) | 5861 | (10.3%) |
| Severe mental illness | 10,528 | (7.5%) | 9117 | (8.1%) | 6179 | (8.2%) | 3817 | (8.0%) | 6446 | (9.4%) | 6324 | (11.1%) |
| History of cardiovascular disease | ||||||||||||
| None | 140,304 | (100%) | 112,301 | (100%) | 75,451 | (100%) | 47,905 | (100%) | 68,615 | (100%) | 0 | (0%) |
| Myocardial infarction only | 2071 | (3.6%) | ||||||||||
| Peripheral arterial disease only | 6806 | (11.9%) | ||||||||||
| Other coronary heart diseasec only | 28,973 | (50.6%) | ||||||||||
| Stroke only | 5137 | (9.0%) | ||||||||||
| Two or more of myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, other coronary heart disease or stroke | 14,291 | (25.0%) | ||||||||||
Values are mean (standard deviation) or number (%) following imputation of missing data (see supplementary methods for further details). HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
a
Other ethnicity includes Chinese, Mixed, White and Black Caribbean, White and Black African, White and Asian, Any other mixed background and other ethnic group.
b
Adjusted for use of statin treatment at baseline by statin type and dose.
c
Other coronary heart disease includes acute rheumatic fever, chronic rheumatic heart diseases, hypertensive heart disease, angina pectoris, other acute ischaemic heart disease, chronic ischaemic heart disease, pulmonary heart disease and other form of heart disease.