Table 3.
Regional trends in ischemic stroke disease burden attributed to tobacco, by regions of Pakistan (1990–2019)
| Risk factors | ASMR* | ASDR* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2019 | EAPC (95% CI) | 1990 | 2019 | EAPC (95% CI) | |
| Tobacco | ||||||
| Pakistan | 7.72 | 6.04 | -0.95 (-1.22 – -0.68) | 160.78 | 130.81 | -0.81 (-1.08 – -0.54) |
| Punjab | 8.24 | 6.19 | -1.1 (-1.35 – -0.85) | 171.84 | 134.62 | -0.95 (-1.2 – -0.7) |
| Sindh | 7.38 | 5.96 | -0.87 (-1.2 – -0.53) | 156.53 | 130.77 | -0.74 (-1.07 – -0.41) |
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 6.28 | 5.73 | -0.37 (-0.64 – -0.11) | 130.08 | 121.34 | -0.29 (-0.55 – -0.02) |
| Balochistan | 6.64 | 5.8 | -0.49 (-0.89 – -0.09) | 138.06 | 122.33 | -0.45 (-0.84 – -0.05) |
| Azad Jammu and Kashmir | 7.52 | 5.87 | -1.05 (-1.32 – -0.78) | 152.13 | 121.02 | -0.98 (-1.25 – -0.71) |
| Islamabad Capital Territory | 8.24 | 5.83 | -1.3 (-1.62 – -0.99) | 164.74 | 120.73 | -1.2 (-1.5 – -0.89) |
| Gilgit-Baltistan | 5.84 | 5.24 | -0.27 (-0.58–0.04) | 120.51 | 110.41 | -0.23 (-0.55–0.1) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Pakistan | 6.48 | 4.78 | -1.07 (-1.36 – -0.79) | 137.09 | 106.34 | -0.91 (-1.19 – -0.62) |
| Punjab | 6.93 | 4.91 | -1.21 (-1.48 – -0.95) | 146.71 | 109.76 | -1.04 (-1.3 – -0.78) |
| Sindh | 6.35 | 4.93 | -0.95 (-1.29 – -0.6) | 136.8 | 110.54 | -0.8 (-1.14 – -0.47) |
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 5.08 | 4.25 | -0.59 (-0.9 – -0.28) | 106.75 | 93.11 | -0.44 (-0.74 – -0.13) |
| Balochistan | 5.53 | 4.58 | -0.61 (-1.05 – -0.17) | 116.94 | 98.03 | -0.57 (-1 – -0.13) |
| Azad Jammu and Kashmir | 6.29 | 4.52 | -1.27 (-1.56 – -0.99) | 128.45 | 95.15 | -1.16 (-1.45 – -0.87) |
| Islamabad Capital Territory | 6.73 | 4.42 | -1.5 (-1.85 – -1.16) | 137.49 | 94.49 | -1.36 (-1.7 – -1.03) |
| Gilgit-Baltistan | 4.64 | 3.85 | -0.47 (-0.79 – -0.14) | 96.72 | 83.18 | -0.38 (-0.73 – -0.03) |
| Secondhand smoke | ||||||
| Pakistan | 1.43 | 1.39 | -0.49 (-0.73 – -0.25) | 28.08 | 27.67 | -0.46 (-0.7 – -0.22) |
| Punjab | 1.52 | 1.41 | -0.68 (-0.92 – -0.45) | 29.8 | 28.11 | -0.64 (-0.88 – -0.41) |
| Sindh | 1.22 | 1.17 | -0.58 (-0.9 – -0.25) | 24.19 | 23.55 | -0.5 (-0.82 – -0.19) |
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 1.36 | 1.61 | 0.28 (0.12–0.44) | 26.86 | 31.23 | 0.21 (0.03–0.38) |
| Balochistan | 1.27 | 1.35 | -0.1 (-0.36–0.16) | 24.8 | 27.21 | 0.0 (-0.27–0.26) |
| Azad Jammu and Kashmir | 1.42 | 1.47 | -0.28 (-0.52 – -0.04) | 27.8 | 28.66 | -0.32 (-0.56 – -0.08) |
| Islamabad Capital Territory | 1.71 | 1.54 | -0.67 (-0.92 – -0.42) | 31.76 | 29.11 | -0.62 (-0.86 – -0.37) |
| Gilgit-Baltistan | 1.34 | 1.5 | 0.28 (-0.01–0.57) | 26.83 | 29.75 | 0.22 (-0.05–0.5) |
*
ASMR: age-standardized mortality rate per 100000 population. ASDR: age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate per 100000 population. EAPC: estimated annual percentage change.