Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all GLP-1 RA medication cohorts, pooled across data sources
| Variable | Lixisenatide (n = 15,995) | Pooled other GLP-1 RA* (n = 680,094) | Exenatide (n = 47,425) | Liraglutide (n = 112,932) | Dulaglutide (n = 296,988) | Semaglutide (n = 222,749) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (min, max), years | 58.6 (18, ≥89) | 56.7 (18, ≥89) | 57.4 (18, ≥89) | 56.1 (18, ≥89) | 57.4 (18, ≥89) | 56.2 (18, ≥89) |
| Age by group category, n (%), years | ||||||
| 18–29 | 180 (1.1) | 9,530 (1.4) | 550 (1.2) | 1,815 (1.6) | 3,655 (1.2) | 3,510 (1.6) |
| 30–39 | 903 (5.6) | 43,035 (6.3) | 2,818 (5.9) | 7,960 (7.0) | 17,186 (5.8) | 15,071 (6.8) |
| 40–49 | 2,607 (16.3) | 125,897 (18.5) | 8,389 (17.7) | 22,061 (19.5) | 52,638 (17.7) | 42,809 (19.2) |
| 50–59 | 4,642 (29.0) | 218,556 (32.1) | 14,828 (31.3) | 36,135 (32.0) | 93,857 (31.6) | 73,736 (33.1) |
| 60–69 | 4,458 (27.9) | 186,089 (27.4) | 13,721 (28.9) | 30,204 (26.7) | 82,773 (27.9) | 59,391 (26.7) |
| 70–79 | 2,504 (15.7) | 79,875 (11.7) | 5,959 (12.6) | 12,448 (11.0) | 37,783 (12.7) | 23,685 (10.6) |
| ≥80 | 701 (4.4) | 17,112 (2.5) | 1,160 (2.4) | 2,309 (2.0) | 9,096 (3.1) | 4,547 (2.0) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 8,270 (51.7) | 332,555 (48.9) | 23,704 (50.0) | 50,042 (44.3) | 150,358 (50.6) | 108,451 (48.7) |
| Female | 7,723 (48.3) | 347,532 (51.1) | 23,721 (50.0) | 62,889 (55.7) | 146,625 (49.4) | 114,297 (51.3) |
| Missing data | 2 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) |
| Region, n (%) | ||||||
| Midwest | 2,831 (17.7) | 148,663 (21.9) | 11,069 (23.3) | 26,334 (23.3) | 65,382 (22.0) | 45,878 (20.6) |
| Northeast | 1,412 (8.8) | 80,586 (11.8) | 3,889 (8.2) | 13,163 (11.7) | 38,164 (12.9) | 25,370 (11.4) |
| South | 9,346 (58.4) | 349,409 (51.4) | 24,305 (51.2) | 54,581 (48.3) | 147,872 (49.8) | 122,651 (55.1) |
| West | 2,271 (14.2) | 96,112 (14.1) | 7,733 (16.3) | 17,770 (15.7) | 42,861 (14.4) | 27,748 (12.5) |
| Other | 3 (0.0) | 202 (0.0) | 15 (0.0) | 38 (0.0) | 91 (0.0) | 58 (0.0) |
| Missing data | 132 (0.8) | 5,122 (0.8) | 414 (0.9) | 1,046 (0.9) | 2,618 (0.9) | 1,044 (0.5) |
| Calendar year, n (%) | ||||||
| 2017 | 2,987 (18.7) | 103,997 (15.3) | 12,698 (26.8) | 39,121 (34.6) | 52,178 (17.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| 2018 | 3,813 (23.8) | 117,599 (17.3) | 16,027 (33.8) | 34,203 (30.3) | 56,999 (19.2) | 10,370 (4.7) |
| 2019 | 3,782 (23.6) | 139,552 (20.5) | 9,646 (20.3) | 20,582 (18.2) | 63,987 (21.5) | 45,337 (20.4) |
| 2020 | 2,891 (18.1) | 148,958 (21.9) | 6,260 (13.2) | 11,502 (10.2) | 59,606 (20.1) | 71,590 (32.1) |
| 2021 | 2,522 (15.8) | 169,988 (25.0) | 2,794 (5.9) | 7,524 (6.7) | 64,218 (21.6) | 95,452 (42.9) |
| Season, n (%) | ||||||
| Winter: December–February | 3,673 (23.0) | 160,281 (23.6) | 11,366 (24.0) | 27,646 (24.5) | 70,937 (23.9) | 50,332 (22.6) |
| Spring: March–May | 3,883 (24.3) | 169,299 (24.9) | 12,626 (26.6) | 29,245 (25.9) | 75,445 (25.4) | 51,983 (23.3) |
| Summer: June–August | 4,182 (26.1) | 175,150 (25.8) | 12,143 (25.6) | 28,592 (25.3) | 76,090 (25.6) | 58,325 (26.2) |
| Fall: September–November | 4,257 (26.6) | 175,364 (25.8) | 11,290 (23.8) | 27,449 (24.3) | 74,516 (25.1) | 62,109 (27.9) |
| Medical history, n (%)† | ||||||
| Allergic rhinitis | 3,369 (21.1) | 166,246 (24.4) | 11,167 (23.5) | 26,690 (23.6) | 69,262 (23.3) | 59,127 (26.5) |
| Drug allergy | 1,588 (9.9) | 61,819 (9.1) | 3,962 (8.4) | 10,085 (8.9) | 26,121 (8.8) | 21,651 (9.7) |
| Food, insect, or latex allergy | 2,098 (13.1) | 105,201 (15.5) | 7,292 (15.4) | 18,751 (16.6) | 45,209 (15.2) | 33,949 (15.2) |
| Other allergy | 5,110 (31.9) | 246,711 (36.3) | 16,468 (34.7) | 41,111 (36.4) | 104,225 (35.1) | 84,907 (38.1) |
| Anaphylaxis | 58 (0.4) | 2,854 (0.4) | 158 (0.3) | 487 (0.4) | 1,213 (0.4) | 996 (0.4) |
| Asthma | 2,215 (13.8) | 109,669 (16.1) | 7,364 (15.5) | 19,420 (17.2) | 45,709 (15.4) | 37,176 (16.7) |
| Atopic dermatitis | 382 (2.4) | 19,615 (2.9) | 1,149 (2.4) | 2,891 (2.6) | 8,081 (2.7) | 7,494 (3.4) |
| Autoimmune disease | 2,039 (12.7) | 87,859 (12.9) | 6,125 (12.9) | 15,165 (13.4) | 37,425 (12.6) | 29,144 (13.1) |
| Eczema | 2,099 (13.1) | 108,097 (15.9) | 7,034 (14.8) | 17,458 (15.5) | 46,187 (15.6) | 37,418 (16.8) |
| HIV infection | 130 (0.8) | 6,848 (1.0) | 410 (0.9) | 1,114 (1.0) | 3,013 (1.0) | 2,311 (1.0) |
| Prescription medication use, n (%)† | ||||||
| Anabolic steroids (androgens) | 223 (1.4) | 11,231 (1.7) | 813 (1.7) | 1,928 (1.7) | 4,729 (1.6) | 3,761 (1.7) |
| ACE inhibitors | 5,346 (33.4) | 217,139 (31.9) | 16,244 (34.3) | 36,724 (32.5) | 98,258 (33.1) | 65,913 (29.6) |
| ARBs | 3,242 (20.3) | 138,506 (20.4) | 9,411 (19.8) | 21,953 (19.4) | 59,880 (20.2) | 47,262 (21.2) |
| Antibiotics | 4,323 (27.0) | 185,267 (27.2) | 13,552 (28.6) | 33,880 (30.0) | 79,670 (26.8) | 58,165 (26.1) |
| Glucose-lowering drug classes | 14,456 (90.4) | 618,321 (90.9) | 43,871 (92.5) | 100,629 (89.1) | 274,838 (92.5) | 198,983 (89.3) |
| Metformin | 10,024 (62.7) | 480,001 (70.6) | 34,100 (71.9) | 76,594 (67.8) | 212,351 (71.5) | 156,956 (70.5) |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 71 (0.4) | 1,991 (0.3) | 206 (0.4) | 325 (0.3) | 910 (0.3) | 550 (0.2) |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 3,218 (20.1) | 145,058 (21.3) | 11,657 (24.6) | 21,773 (19.3) | 69,531 (23.4) | 42,097 (18.9) |
| Meglitinides | 212 (1.3) | 5,282 (0.8) | 398 (0.8) | 891 (0.8) | 2,509 (0.8) | 1,484 (0.7) |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 3,480 (21.8) | 147,223 (21.6) | 10,844 (22.9) | 17,417 (15.4) | 65,154 (21.9) | 53,808 (24.2) |
| Sulfonylureas | 4,734 (29.6) | 201,873 (29.7) | 16,177 (34.1) | 31,801 (28.2) | 97,232 (32.7) | 56,663 (25.4) |
| Thiazolidinediones | 1,261 (7.9) | 45,006 (6.6) | 4,041 (8.5) | 6,779 (6.0) | 20,487 (6.9) | 13,699 (6.1) |
| Insulin | 8,392 (52.5) | 204,923 (30.1) | 14,259 (30.1) | 39,668 (35.1) | 92,849 (31.3) | 58,147 (26.1) |
| Antihistamine | 627 (3.9) | 28,116 (4.1) | 1,988 (4.2) | 5,312 (4.7) | 11,483 (3.9) | 9,333 (4.2) |
| β-Blockers | 5,126 (32.0) | 206,505 (30.4) | 14,902 (31.4) | 37,211 (32.9) | 90,861 (30.6) | 63,531 (28.5) |
| Epinephrine | 117 (0.7) | 6,655 (1.0) | 426 (0.9) | 1,189 (1.1) | 2,725 (0.9) | 2,315 (1.0) |
| Immunosuppressive agents | 121 (0.8) | 5,359 (0.8) | 241 (0.5) | 982 (0.9) | 2,331 (0.8) | 1,805 (0.8) |
| Immunotherapy | 65 (0.4) | 5,308 (0.8) | 353 (0.7) | 963 (0.9) | 2,169 (0.7) | 1,823 (0.8) |
| Loop diuretics | 1,797 (11.2) | 69,891 (10.3) | 4,678 (9.9) | 13,770 (12.2) | 30,402 (10.2) | 21,041 (9.4) |
| Metaraminol | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| NSAIDs | 2,825 (17.7) | 132,092 (19.4) | 9,434 (19.9) | 22,661 (20.1) | 55,595 (18.7) | 44,402 (19.9) |
| Noradrenaline | 0 (0.0) | 10 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 3,135 (19.6) | 145,702 (21.4) | 10,028 (21.1) | 25,134 (22.3) | 62,768 (21.1) | 47,772 (21.4) |
| Steroids (glucocorticoids) | 3,090 (19.3) | 147,790 (21.7) | 9,931 (20.9) | 26,347 (23.3) | 61,710 (20.8) | 49,802 (22.4) |
| Injectable | 1,864 (11.7) | 89,631 (13.2) | 6,187 (13.0) | 16,253 (14.4) | 37,327 (12.6) | 29,864 (13.4) |
| Oral | 1,737 (10.9) | 84,563 (12.4) | 5,436 (11.5) | 15,091 (13.4) | 35,175 (11.8) | 28,861 (13.0) |
| Thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics | 1,745 (10.9) | 86,953 (12.8) | 5,799 (12.2) | 14,474 (12.8) | 37,297 (12.6) | 29,383 (13.2) |
| Vasopressin | 0 (0.0) | 20 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | 11 (0.0) |
| Antivirus vaccines | 1,718 (10.7) | 93,493 (13.7) | 4,458 (9.4) | 11,470 (10.2) | 39,248 (13.2) | 38,317 (17.2) |
| Total no. of prescription medications taken | ||||||
| 0–3 | 8,709 (54.4) | 375,860 (55.3) | 25,698 (54.2) | 61,017 (54.0) | 162,680 (54.8) | 126,465 (56.8) |
| 4–6 | 6,736 (42.1) | 279,982 (41.2) | 20,041 (42.3) | 47,522 (42.1) | 123,966 (41.7) | 88,453 (39.7) |
| ≥7 | 550 (3.4) | 24,252 (3.6) | 1,686 (3.6) | 4,393 (3.9) | 10,342 (3.5) | 7,831 (3.5) |
| Procedures, n (%)‡ | ||||||
| Bronchodilator therapy | 940 (5.9) | 39,026 (5.7) | 2,758 (5.8) | 6,966 (6.2) | 16,613 (5.6) | 12,689 (5.7) |
| Administration of intravenous fluids | 2,366 (14.8) | 84,710 (12.5) | 5,883 (12.4) | 14,236 (12.6) | 36,865 (12.4) | 27,726 (12.4) |
| Duration of follow-up | ||||||
| Total length of follow-up, person-years | 9,989 | 446,624 | 31,495 | 78,127 | 225,495 | 111,507 |
| Average length of follow-up, months | 7.5 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 6.0 |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor; max, maximum; min, minimum; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.
*The pooled other GLP-1 RA cohort included exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, and semaglutide.
†Presence of claims for dispensing during the 183-day look-back period before and including the index date.
‡Presence of outpatient or inpatient code during the all-available-claims look-back period.