Table 1.
Baseline characteristics overall (n = 1,739 participants) and by treatment group
| Overall (n = 1,739) | Glargine (n = 418) | Glimepiride (n = 439) | Liraglutide (n = 450) | Sitagliptin (n = 432) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57.97 (10.21) | 57.4 (10.07) | 57.64 (10.35) | 58.54 (10.35) | 58.28 (10.06) |
| T2DM duration (years) | 4.21 (2.81) | 4.11 (2.78) | 4.35 (2.91) | 4.16 (2.8) | 4.23 (2.76) |
| Sex, N (%) | |||||
| Male | 1,175 (68) | 288 (69) | 278 (63) | 317 (70) | 292 (68) |
| Female | 564 (32) | 130 (31) | 161 (37) | 133 (30) | 140 (32) |
| Race/ethnicity, N (%) | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 967 (56) | 238 (57) | 225 (51) | 259 (58) | 245 (57) |
| Hispanic | 292 (17) | 68 (16) | 84 (19) | 65 (14) | 75 (17) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 316 (18) | 79 (19) | 89 (20) | 82 (18) | 66 (15) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 164 (9) | 33 (8) | 41 (9) | 44 (10) | 46 (11) |
| Smoking, N (%) | |||||
| Never | 900 (52) | 224 (54) | 228 (52) | 237 (53) | 211 (49) |
| Past | 617 (35) | 143 (34) | 142 (32) | 161 (36) | 171 (40) |
| Current | 222 (13) | 51 (12) | 69 (16) | 52 (12) | 50 (12) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.1 (6.48) | 34.39 (6.27) | 33.98 (6.66) | 34.3 (6.32) | 33.71 (6.66) |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 1,486 (85) | 353 (84) | 376 (86) | 387 (86) | 370 (86) |
| Hyperlipidemia, N (%) | 1,672 (96) | 402 (96) | 425 (97) | 429 (95) | 416 (96) |
| Education, N (%) | |||||
| High school/GED or less | 517 (30) | 117 (28) | 140 (32) | 137 (30) | 123 (28) |
| Some college | 511 (29) | 134 (32) | 126 (29) | 132 (29) | 119 (28) |
| College/graduate school | 711 (41) | 167 (40) | 173 (39) | 181 (40) | 190 (44) |
| Income (USD), N (%) | |||||
| <10k | 93 (5) | 24 (6) | 20 (5) | 24 (5) | 25 (6) |
| 10–20k | 163 (9) | 47 (11) | 35 (8) | 48 (11) | 33 (8) |
| 20–50k | 477 (27) | 103 (25) | 114 (26) | 131 (29) | 129 (30) |
| >50k | 766 (44) | 192 (46) | 196 (45) | 185 (41) | 193 (45) |
| Missing | 240 (14) | 52 (12) | 74 (17) | 62 (14) | 52 (12) |
| Living arrangement, N (%) | |||||
| Living alone | 295 (17) | 78 (19) | 65 (15) | 74 (16) | 78 (18) |
| With another adult | 1,376 (79) | 324 (78) | 351 (80) | 363 (81) | 338 (78) |
| With children only | 68 (4) | 16 (4) | 23 (5) | 13 (3) | 16 (4) |
| Employment, N (%) | |||||
| Employed | 974 (56) | 232 (56) | 249 (57) | 243 (54) | 250 (58) |
| Retired | 459 (26) | 110 (26) | 111 (25) | 123 (27) | 115 (27) |
| Other | 306 (18) | 76 (18) | 79 (18) | 84 (19) | 67 (16) |
| Prescribed medications for depression or anxiety, N (%) | 319 (18) | 83 (20) | 80 (18) | 75 (17) | 81 (19) |
| PHQ-8 total | 3.45 (3.96) | 3.62 (3.96) | 3.32 (4.02) | 3.61 (4.15) | 3.24 (3.69) |
| PHQ-8 positive screen, N (%) | 151 (9) | 42 (10) | 34 (8) | 47 (10) | 28 (6) |
| Diabetes distress: emotional burden and regimen distress | 1.86 (0.85) | 1.82 (0.72) | 1.86 (0.95) | 1.87 (0.85) | 1.87 (0.87) |
| Diabetes Distress Scale positive screen, N (%) | 431 (25) | 101 (24) | 101 (23) | 116 (26) | 113 (26) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.51 (0.48) | 7.53 (0.48) | 7.49 (0.47) | 7.5 (0.48) | 7.53 (0.49) |
Data are shown as mean (SD) for continuous variables and percent for discrete variables. GED, graduate equivalency degree; PHQ-8, eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (depressive symptoms).