Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the EDS participants
| Total (n = 1,739) | Adherent (n = 1,499)† | Nonadherent (n = 236)† | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57.97 ± 10.21 | 58.39 ± 10.10 | 55.36 ± 10.60 | 0.0001 |
| T2DM duration (years) | 4.21 ± 2.81 | 4.27 ± 2.82 | 3.82 ± 2.72 | 0.0199 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1,175 (68) | 1,034 (69) | 138 (58) | 0.0018 |
| Female | 564 (32) | 465 (31) | 98 (42) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 292 (17) | 235 (16) | 56 (24) | <0.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black or African American | 317 (18) | 253 (17) | 63 (27) | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 155 (9) | 126 (8) | 29 (12) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 975 (56) | 885 (59) | 88 (37) | |
| Education | ||||
| College/graduate school | 711 (41) | 628 (42) | 81 (34) | 0.0229 |
| High school/GED or less | 517 (30) | 429 (29) | 87 (37) | |
| Some college | 511 (29) | 442 (29) | 68 (29) | |
| Income, USD | ||||
| 10,000–20,000 | 163 (11) | 137 (11) | 25 (13) | <0.0001 |
| 20,000–50,000 | 477 (32) | 393 (30) | 83 (42) | |
| ≥50,000 | 766 (51) | 696 (54) | 69 (35) | |
| <10,000 | 93 (6) | 70 (5) | 22 (11) | |
| Living arrangements | ||||
| Alone | 295 (17) | 251 (17) | 42 (18) | 0.0358 |
| With another adult | 1,376 (79) | 1,197 (80) | 178 (75) | |
| With children only | 68 (4) | 51 (3) | 16 (7) | |
| Employment | ||||
| Currently employed full- or part-time | 974 (56) | 833 (56) | 139 (59) | 0.0013 |
| Currently retired | 459 (26) | 417 (28) | 42 (18) | |
| Other | 306 (18) | 249 (17) | 55 (23) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 900 (52) | 771 (51) | 125 (53) | 0.0478 |
| Past | 617 (35) | 546 (36) | 71 (30) | |
| Current | 222 (13) | 182 (12) | 40 (17) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.10 ± 6.48 | 33.99 ± 6.46 | 34.70 ± 6.60 | 0.1265 |
| Hypertension | 1,486 (85) | 1,286 (86) | 196 (83) | 0.3129 |
| Any diabetes complications | 716 (41) | 616 (41) | 98 (42) | 0.9569 |
| MI | 97 (6) | 81 (5) | 15 (6) | 0.6587 |
| Stroke | 39 (2) | 35 (2) | 4 (2) | 0.7037 |
| Macrovascular complications | 128 (7) | 109 (7) | 18 (8) | 0.9517 |
| Medication adherence | 89.89 ± 11.05 | 93.16 ± 6.96 | 69.09 ± 9.47 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes self-management | 78.82 ± 11.42 | 80.07 ± 10.90 | 71.07 ± 11.57 | <0.0001 |
| Depression/anxiety medication | 319 (18) | 271 (18) | 47 (20) | 0.5570 |
| HbA1c | 7.51 ± 0.48 | 7.51 ± 0.48 | 7.54 ± 0.46 | 0.2579 |
| DDS average score | 1.68 ± 0.74 | 1.63 ± 0.71 | 1.93 ± 0.87 | <0.0001 |
| PHQ-8 total score | 3.45 ± 3.96 | 3.20 ± 3.77 | 4.99 ± 4.73 | <0.0001 |
| Treatment satisfaction | 5.17 ± 1.19 | 5.20 ± 1.17 | 5.00 ± 1.30 | 0.1919 |
| Specific-Necessity | 3.54 ± 0.74 | 3.57 ± 0.74 | 3.40 ± 0.74 | 0.0010 |
| Specific-Concerns | 2.59 ± 0.81 | 2.54 ± 0.80 | 2.90 ± 0.76 | <0.0001 |
| Self-efficacy in diabetes self-care | 24.62 ± 2.96 | 24.57 ± 2.92 | 24.92 ± 3.18 | 0.1232 |
| Control of diabetes | 20.78 ± 2.43 | 20.78 ± 2.39 | 20.81 ± 2.67 | 0.8713 |
Data are n (%) or means ± SD. MI, myocardial infarction.
†Four participants could not be categorized as adherent or nonadherent at baseline due to missing baseline data. *Groups were compared on these characteristic variables with use of t test (continuous) and χ2 (categorical).